Urban flooding is a major concern in many cities around the world. Together with continuous urbanization, extreme weather events are likely to increase the magnitude and frequency of flood hazards and exposure in populated regions. This article examines the changing pathways of flood risk management (FRM) in Portland, Oregon; Seoul, South Korea; and Tokyo, Japan, which have different histories of land development and flood severity. We used city governance documents to identify how FRM strategies have changed in the study cities. Using a combined framework of social learning with an integrated social–ecological–technological systems (SETS) lens, we show what components of SETS have been emphasized and how FRM strategies have diversified over time. In response to historical flood events, these cities built hard infrastructure such as levees to reduce flood risks. The recent paradigm shift in urban FRM, such as the adoption of socioecological elements in SETS, including floodplain restoration, green infrastructure, and public education, is a response to making cities more resilient or transformative to the anticipated future extreme floods. The pathways that cities have taken and the main emphasis across SETS elements differ by city, however, suggesting that opportunities exist for learning from each city’s experience collectively to tackle global flooding issues.

在世界许多城市中，城市洪灾是一个主要问题。加上持续的城市化，极端天气事件可能会增加人口稠密地区的洪灾危害和暴露的程度和频率。本文探讨了俄勒冈州波特兰市洪水风险管理（FRM）的变化途径；韩国首尔；和日本东京，它们在土地开发和洪水严重程度方面有着不同的历史。我们使用城市治理文档来确定研究城市中的FRM策略如何发生了变化。通过结合使用社会学习的框架和集成的社会-生态-技术系统（SETS）的镜头，我们可以看到已强调了SETS的哪些组成部分以及FRM策略是如何随着时间而多样化的。为了应对历史上的洪灾事件，这些城市建立了坚固的基础设施，例如防洪堤，以降低洪水风险。最近的城市FRM范式转变，例如SETS中采用了社会生态要素，包括洪泛区修复，绿色基础设施和公共教育，是对使城市对预期的未来特大洪水更具韧性或变革性的回应。但是，各城市所采取的途径以及对SETS要素的主要重视程度各不相同，这表明存在着集体学习每个城市的经验以应对全球洪水问题的机会。是对使城市对预期的未来极端洪灾更具韧性或更具变革性的回应。但是，各城市所采取的途径以及对SETS要素的主要重视程度各不相同，这表明存在着集体学习每个城市的经验以应对全球洪水问题的机会。是对使城市对预期的未来极端洪灾更具韧性或更具变革性的回应。但是，各城市所采取的途径以及对SETS要素的主要重视程度各不相同，这表明存在着集体学习每个城市的经验以应对全球洪水问题的机会。