Fusarium graminearum is a plant-pathogenic fungus that causes the devastating disease “Fusarium head blight” (FHB) in cereal crops such as wheat (Triticum aestivum). It also contaminates grains with mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol (DON), which turn toxic to humans and animals. This fungus overwinters in crop residues left in the field. The fate of mycotoxins in these crop residues in the soil and their ecological role are still unexplored. Therefore, our objective was to assess whether mycotoxins are maintained in the soil, impact the soil biome and benefit the survival of F. graminearum. A six-month study in microcosms was performed to examine the fate of DON in F. graminearum-contaminated wheat straw and soil, and its impact on soil communities. DON was extracted from straw and soil mixtures, and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fusarium graminearum and total fungal and bacterial molecular biomasses were quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR). Nematode and earthworm densities were quantified through binocular observations. Changes in the genetic structure of fungi, bacteria, protozoa, and nematodes communities were determined by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analyses. Results revealed that DON disappeared from the straw and the soil over time. The rate of disappearance was accelerated when straw was incorporated into the soil and when microcosms contained earthworms. Fungal and bacterial biomass, first stimulated during the incorporation of straw, decreased after 2 weeks and until the end of the experiment (24 weeks). It decreased more strongly in the presence of DON. This negative impact of DON was temporary and at the end of the experiment, the bacterial and fungal biomass was higher in the treatments that received DON than in the other treatments while the population of F. graminearum was unaffected. Similarly, DON modified the community structures of fungi, bacteria and protozoa to various extents but not that of nematodes. DON-contaminated straw was found attractive for earthworms, and its presence stimulated their reproduction or cocoon hatching. The major conclusion is that DON briefly affected soil communities, disappeared over time and gave no observable advantage to soil-borne F. graminearum populations.

禾谷镰孢（Fusarium graminearum）是一种植物病原性真菌，在诸如小麦（Triticum aestivum）之类的谷物作物中引起毁灭性疾病“镰状枯萎病”（FHB ）。它还会用霉菌毒素污染谷物，其中包括脱氧雪腐烯醇（DON），对人和动物有毒。这种真菌会使田间残留的农作物残渣越冬。真菌毒素在土壤中这些农作物残渣中的命运及其生态作用尚待探索。因此，我们的目标是评估真菌毒素是否保留在土壤中，是否影响土壤生物群落以及是否有利于禾谷镰刀菌的生存。进行了为期六个月的缩影研究，以检查DON在F. graminearum-被小麦秸秆和土壤污染，及其对土壤群落的影响。DON从秸秆和土壤混合物中提取，并通过高效液相色谱（HPLC）进行定量。禾谷镰刀菌使用实时聚合酶链反应（Q-PCR）对真菌和细菌的总分子生物量进行定量。通过双目观察定量线虫和earth的密度。通过末端限制性片段长度多态性（T-RFLP）分析确定真菌，细菌，原生动物和线虫群落遗传结构的变化。结果表明，随着时间的推移，DON从稻草和土壤中消失了。当将秸秆掺入土壤并且微观世界中含有earth时，消失的速度加快了。在秸秆掺入过程中首先刺激的真菌和细菌生物量在2周后直至实验结束（24周）之前减少。在DON存在下，其下降更强烈。DON的负面影响只是暂时的，在实验结束时，禾谷镰刀菌不受影响。同样，DON在不同程度上修饰了真菌，细菌和原生动物的群落结构，但未改变线虫的群落结构。发现被DON污染的稻草对worm很有吸引力，它的存在刺激了它们的繁殖或茧孵化。主要结论是，DON短暂地影响了土壤群落，随着时间的推移消失了，并且对土壤传播的禾谷镰刀菌种群没有明显的优势。