The concept of adversariality, like that of argument, admits of significant variation. As a consequence, I argue, the question of adversarial argument has not been well understood. After defining adversariality, I argue that if we take argument to be about beliefs, rather than commitments, then two considerations show that adversariality is an essential part of it. First, beliefs are not under our direct voluntary control. Second, beliefs are costly both for the psychological states they provoke and for the fact that they are causally related to our actions. As a result, argument involving agreement can also be understood to be adversarial.

中文翻译：

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对抗性和争论

对抗性的概念，就像争论的概念一样，承认存在重大差异。因此，我认为，对抗性论证的问题还没有得到很好的理解。在定义对抗性之后，我认为如果我们将争论视为关于信念而不是承诺，那么有两个考虑表明对抗性是其中的重要组成部分。首先，信仰不受我们直接的自愿控制。其次，信念对于它们引发的心理状态以及它们与我们的行为有因果关系的事实来说都是代价高昂的。因此，涉及同意的争论也可以理解为对抗性的。