In the past few decades, numerous studies have attempted to address the various phenomena that take place simultaneously during bone remodeling. Drawing from Frost’s “mechanostat theory,” multiple phenomenological models of varying complexity have been developed to describe bone remodeling in terms of evolution of bone porosity, tissue properties, and mineralization. The main goal of this paper is to present the general theory of a novel macroscopic and comprehensive model of bone remodeling accounting for the interactions of mechanics and biochemistry at the microscale. Two independent remodeling mechanisms are considered: the rotation of the material axes and the turnover of bone material. The former mechanism is related to the change of orientation of bone microstructure. Bone turnover refers to the dynamic process of bone resorption by osteoclasts, formation of unmineralized bone by osteoblasts, and mineralization. The model is set up in the framework of generalized continuum mechanics. The evolution of bone tissue is thus described through its macroscopic deformation as well as macroscopic variables related to the orientation of bone microstructure and bone tissue composition (porosity, unmineralized and mineralized bone matrix). Thermodynamically consistent evolution laws of bone material are obtained by enforcing suitable statements of the virtual power principle and of the dissipation principle. Moreover, additional constitutive hypotheses are formulated to develop a phenomenological law of bone turnover. The turnover model is discussed on the basis of a number of numerical simulations. Although the model can capture the main features of bone turnover, it cannot describe satisfactorily the complexity of the underlying biological crosstalk, highlighting the need of a more refined mechanobiological constitutive theory of bone turnover.

在过去的几十年中，大量研究试图解决骨骼重塑过程中同时发生的各种现象。借鉴弗罗斯特的“机械稳定器理论”，已经开发了多种复杂程度各异的现象学模型，以从骨孔隙率，组织特性和矿化的演化角度描述骨重塑。本文的主要目的是提出一个新的宏观和全面的骨骼重塑模型的一般理论，该模型在微观尺度上考虑了力学和生物化学的相互作用。考虑了两个独立的重塑机制：材料轴的旋转和骨骼材料的周转。前一种机制与骨微结构取向的变化有关。骨转换是指破骨细胞吸收骨，成骨细胞形成未矿化骨和矿化的动态过程。该模型是在广义连续力学的框架内建立的。因此，通过骨组织的宏观变形以及与骨微观结构和骨组织组成（孔隙度，未矿化和矿化的骨基质）的方向有关的宏观变量来描述骨组织的演变。通过执行虚拟功率原理和耗散原理的适当陈述，可以获得骨骼材料的热力学一致的演化规律。此外，还制定了其他构成假设，以发展骨骼更新的现象学规律。在许多数值模拟的基础上讨论了营业额模型。