ABSTRACT

Background: In recent decades, Spain has seen a decline in girls’ interest in pursuing the Physical Activity and Sport Science (PASS) degree. For example, in Catalonia (Spain), the number of women enrolled has decreased from 39.3% in the 2000–2001 academic year to 17.3% in the 2014–2015 academic year (Serra, Soler, Vilanova et al. 2019), which is in line with technological and scientific degrees. This fact is striking because more women than men are enrolling in university studies in Spain overall.

Purpose: Drawing on Bourdieu's theoretical tools and the concept of social representation, the purpose of this study is to analyse how young people perceive the PASS degree, in order to understand why fewer women than men choose this degree.

Method: A total of 4146 students (50.2% girls; mean age = 16.82 years; SD = 0.837) from 39 school centres were purposefully selected in three regions of Spain. Students were enrolled in the final course of Compulsory Secondary Education (4th ESO, 16 years old) and the first of 2 years of the pre-university course (1st year of Bachillerato, 16–17 years old). An ad hoc instrument was designed to measure the Social Representation (SR) of the degree habitus and students’ interest in studying for the PASS degree. Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS Statistics (v.23). Data were tested for normality. The statistical tests used were: Chi-square (X²) and Mann–Whitney U analysis.

Findings: The results show that the SR of the degree habitus has a masculine characterization, which favours the number of men who study this degree. This SR could explain why the number of women in this field has been very low (around 18%) in Spain in recent years. Likewise, this SR would be a form of symbolic violence on girls who may wish to pursue these studies, but do not feel entitled to do so because it is considered a masculine field. The students are not able to identify this social construction, which eventually naturalizes the difference and makes the prevalence of men in these studies more socially acceptable.

Conclusion: The SR of the degree habitus could be exercising a symbolic violence that would contribute to the discrepancy in the number of men and women who choose a PASS degree. To change the SR of the degree, it is necessary to substantially modify how it is constructed. Some of the options would involve a profound change in curriculum, built around a conception of body culture that is based on feminist political, philosophical, and ontological assumptions. This new construction would invoke a configuration of body culture not centred on the modern sport phenomenon and post-modern physical activity. The information that students receive to construct this masculine and instrumentalized SR of the degree should also be intentionally modified.

摘要

背景：近几十年来，西班牙女孩对攻读体育活动和运动科学 (PASS) 学位的兴趣有所下降。例如，在加泰罗尼亚（西班牙），入学的女性人数从 2000-2001 学年的 39.3% 下降到 2014-2015 学年的 17.3%（Serra、Soler、Vilanova 等人，2019），这是符合技术和科学学位。这一事实令人震惊，因为总体而言，在西班牙攻读大学的女性多于男性。

目的：借鉴布迪厄的理论工具和社会代表的概念，本研究的目的是分析年轻人对PASS学位的看法，以了解为什么选择这个学位的女性比男性少。

方法：在西班牙的三个地区有目的地选择了来自 39 个学校中心的 4146 名学生（50.2% 的女孩；平均年龄 = 16.82 岁；SD = 0.837）。学生参加了义务中等教育的最后课程（第 4 届 ESO，16 岁）和 2 年大学预科课程的第一个课程（Bachillerato 的第 1 年，16-17 岁）。设计了一个特别工具来衡量学位习惯的社会代表 (SR)和学生对 PASS 学位学习的兴趣。使用 SPSS Statistics (v.23) 进行统计分析。对数据进行了正态性检验。使用的统计检验是：卡方 (X ² ) 和 Mann-Whitney U分析。

调查结果：结果表明，学位惯习的 SR具有男性特征，这有利于学习该学位的男性人数。该 SR 可以解释为什么近年来西班牙该领域的女性人数非常少（约 18%）。同样，这种 SR 将是对可能希望从事这些研究的女孩的一种象征性暴力形式，但因为它被认为是一个男性领域，所以觉得没有资格这样做。学生们无法识别这种社会结构，这最终使差异自然化，并使男性在这些研究中的流行更能被社会接受。

结论：学位惯习的 SR可能正在实施一种象征性的暴力行为，这将导致选择 PASS 学位的男性和女性人数的差异。要更改学位的 SR，有必要大幅修改其构建方式。一些选项将涉及课程的深刻变化，围绕基于女权主义政治、哲学和本体论假设的身体文化概念建立。这种新的结构将引发一种不以现代体育现象和后现代体育活动为中心的身体文化配置。学生收到的用于构建该学位的男性化和工具化 SR 的信息也应该被有意修改。