Digitization and the release of public records on the Internet have expanded the reach and uses of criminal record data in the United States. This study analyzes the types and volume of personally identifiable data released on the Internet via two hundred public governmental websites for law enforcement, criminal courts, corrections, and criminal record repositories in each state. We find that public disclosures often include information valuable to the personal data economy, including the full name, birthdate, home address, and physical characteristics of arrestees, detainees, and defendants. Using administrative data, we also estimate the volume of data disclosed online. Our findings highlight the mass dissemination of pre-conviction data: every year, over ten million arrests, 4.5 million mug shots, and 14.7 million criminal court proceedings are digitally released at no cost. Post-conviction, approximately 6.5 million current and former prisoners and 12.5 million people with a felony conviction have a record on the Internet. While justified through public records laws, such broad disclosures reveal an imbalance between the “transparency” of data releases that facilitate monitoring of state action and those that facilitate monitoring individual people. The results show how the criminal legal system increasingly distributes Internet privacy violations and community surveillance as part of contemporary punishment.

中文翻译：

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数字化和披露个人数据：国家犯罪记录在互联网上的扩散

数字化和互联网上公共记录的发布扩大了美国犯罪记录数据的范围和使用范围。这项研究分析了通过 200 个公共政府网站在互联网上发布的个人身份数据的类型和数量，这些网站用于每个州的执法、刑事法庭、更正和犯罪记录存储库。我们发现，公开披露通常包括对个人数据经济有价值的信息，包括被捕者、被拘留者和被告的全名、出生日期、家庭住址和身体特征。使用管理数据，我们还估计了在线披露的数据量。我们的调查结果强调了定罪前数据的大规模传播：每年有超过 1000 万人被捕、450 万张面部照片和 14 次。700 万份刑事法庭诉讼以数字方式免费发布。定罪后，大约 650 万现任和前任囚犯以及 1250 万重罪定罪者在互联网上有记录。虽然通过公共记录法证明是合理的，但如此广泛的披露揭示了有助于监控国家行动的数据发布的“透明度”与有助于监控个人的数据发布之间的不平衡。结果表明，刑事法律体系如何越来越多地将互联网隐私侵犯和社区监视作为当代惩罚的一部分进行分配。如此广泛的披露揭示了有助于监测国家行动的数据发布的“透明度”与有助于监测个人的数据发布的“透明度”之间的不平衡。结果表明，刑事法律体系如何越来越多地将互联网隐私侵犯和社区监视作为当代惩罚的一部分进行分配。如此广泛的披露揭示了有助于监测国家行动的数据发布的“透明度”与有助于监测个人的数据发布的“透明度”之间的不平衡。结果表明，刑事法律体系如何越来越多地将互联网隐私侵犯和社区监视作为当代惩罚的一部分进行分配。