Remnants of the Caribbean Large Igneous Plateau (C-LIP) are found as thicker than normal oceanic crust in the Caribbean Sea that formed during rapid pulses of magmatic activity at ∼91–88 and ∼76 Ma. Strong geochemical evidence supports the hypothesis that the C-LIP formed due to melting of the plume head of the Galápagos hotspot, which interacted with the Farallon (Proto-Caribbean) plate in the eastern Pacific. Considering plate tectonics theory, it is expected that the lithospheric portion of the plume-related material migrated within the Proto-Caribbean plate in a north–north-eastward direction, developing the present-day Caribbean plate. In this research, we used 3D lithospheric-scale, data-integrative models of the current Caribbean plate setting to reveal, for the first time, the presence of positive density anomalies in the uppermost lithospheric mantle. These models are based on the integration of up-to-date geophysical datasets from the Earth's surface down to 200 km depth, which are validated using high-resolution free-air gravity measurements. Based on the gravity residuals (modelled minus observed gravity), we derive density heterogeneities both in the crystalline crust and the uppermost oceanic mantle (<50 km). Our results reveal the presence of two positive mantle density anomalies beneath the Colombian and the Venezuelan basins, interpreted as the preserved fossil plume conduits associated with the C-LIP formation. Such mantle bodies have never been identified before, but a positive density trend is also indicated by S-wave tomography, at least down to 75 km depth. The interpreted plume conduits spatially correlate with the thinner crustal regions present in both basins; therefore, we propose a modification to the commonly accepted tectonic model of the Caribbean, suggesting that the thinner domains correspond to the centres of uplift due to the inflow of the hot, buoyant plume head. Finally, using six different kinematic models, we test the hypothesis that the C-LIP originated above the Galápagos hotspot; however, misfits of up to ∼3000 km are found between the present-day hotspot location and the mantle anomalies, reconstructed back to 90 Ma. Therefore, we shed light on possible sources of error responsible for this offset and discuss two possible interpretations: (1) the Galápagos hotspot migrated (∼1200–3000 km) westward while the Caribbean plate moved to the north, or (2) the C-LIP was formed by a different plume, which – if considered fixed – would be nowadays located below the South American continent.

中文翻译：

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3D数据集成模型揭示了加勒比大火成高原的保留羽状流

发现加勒比大火成高原的残留物（C-LIP）比正常情况下在约91-88和〜76的岩浆活动脉动期间形成的加勒比海厚。 嘛。有力的地球化学证据支持这样一个假说，即C-LIP是由于加拉帕戈斯热点的羽状喷头熔化而形成的，而加拉帕戈斯热点与东太平洋的Farallon（原始加勒比海）板块相互作用。考虑到板块构造学说，预计与羽状物质有关的岩石圈部分会在北加勒比-东北方向上在原加勒比板块内迁移，从而发展成为当今的加勒比板块。在这项研究中，我们使用了当前加勒比海板块环境的3D岩石圈尺度数据综合模型，首次揭示了最岩石圈顶地幔中正密度异常的存在。这些模型基于从地球表面到200 km的最新地球物理数据集的集成 深度，使用高分辨率的自由重力测量进行验证。基于重力残差（建模减去观测到的重力），我们得出了结晶壳和最上层海洋地幔（<50  km）中的密度异质性。我们的结果表明，在哥伦比亚盆地和委内瑞拉盆地下方存在两个正的地幔密度异常，这被解释为与C-LIP形成有关的化石羽流导管。之前从未发现过这种地幔体，但至少在75 km以下的S波层析成像也显示出正密度趋势 深度。解释的羽流导管在空间上与两个盆地中存在的较薄的地壳区域相关。因此，我们建议对加勒比地区普遍接受的构造模型进行修改，这表明较薄的区域对应于由于热浮力羽状头的流入而引起的隆升中心。最后，使用六个不同的运动学模型，我们检验了C-LIP起源于加拉帕戈斯热点上方的假说。然而，在目前的热点位置和地幔异常之间发现了约3000  km的失配，并重建到90  Ma。因此，我们阐明了造成该偏移的可能误差源，并讨论了两种可能的解释：（1）Galápagos热点迁移（〜1200-3000 公里）向西移动，而加勒比板块向北移动，或者（2）C-LIP由不同的羽状流形成，如果认为是固定的，则如今位于南美大陆下方。