Uremic toxins, a group of uremic retention solutes with high concentration which their accumulation on the body makes several biological problems, have recently gained a large interest. The importance of this issue more targets patients with compromised kidney function since the presence of these toxins in their bodies contributes to serious illness and death. It is reported that around 14% of people are subjected of CKD's problems. Among different classifications of uremic toxins, protein bound uremic toxins are poorly removed from the body as they tightly bind to proteins like serum albumin. A deeper and closer understanding of methods for removing protein bound uremic toxins and their efficiency is of paramount importance. This article discussed the most critical protein bound uremic toxins from different points of view including their chemistry, binding sites, interactions, and their biological impacts. Concerning the toxicity and high concentration, p-cresyl sulfate (PCS), Indoxyl sulfate (IS), 3-Carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid (CMPF), and Indole- 3-acetic acid (IAA) was chosen to study in this article. Results offered that the functional groups of mentioned PBUTs and the way that they interact with the adsorbent play an important role in finding substances for removal of them. Furthermore, the development of nanoparticle (NPs) for promising biomedical purposes has been explored. However, there is still a need for further investigation to find biocompatible substances focusing on the removal of PBUTs. PBUTs are a unique class of uremic toxins whose renal clearance mechanisms and role in uremic pathophysiology are still unclear. This review outlines the biochemical aspects of PBUT/protein binding in a view to explaining their renal formation to elimination mechanisms; some examples are drawn from routes involving albumin-binding with indoxyl sulphate, p-cresyl sulfate, p-cresyl glucuronide and hippuric acid. We have also highlighted the kinetic behaviors during dialytic removal of PBUTs to address future concerns regarding dialytic therapy.

尿毒症毒素是一组高浓度的尿毒症滞留溶质，它们在体内的积累会引起一些生物学问题，最近引起了人们的极大兴趣。这个问题的重要性更多地针对肾功能受损的患者，因为他们体内存在这些毒素会导致严重的疾病和死亡。据报道，约有 14% 的人患有 CKD 问题。在不同类别的尿毒症毒素中，蛋白质结合的尿毒症毒素很难从体内清除，因为它们与血清白蛋白等蛋白质紧密结合。更深入和更深入地了解去除蛋白质结合的尿毒症毒素的方法及其效率至关重要。本文从不同的角度讨论了最关键的蛋白质结合尿毒症毒素，包括它们的化学、结合位点、相互作用及其生物学影响。关于毒性和高浓度，对甲酚硫酸盐 (PCS)、吲哚酚硫酸盐 (IS)、3-羧基-4-甲基-5-丙基-2-呋喃丙酸 (CMPF) 和吲哚-3-乙酸 (IAA) ) 被选为本文研究对象。结果表明，上述 PBUT 的官能团以及它们与吸附剂相互作用的方式在寻找去除它们的物质方面起着重要作用。此外，已经探索了用于有前途的生物医学目的的纳米颗粒（NP）的开发。然而，仍然需要进一步研究以找到以去除 PBUTs 为重点的生物相容性物质。PBUTs 是一类独特的尿毒症毒素，其肾脏清除机制和在尿毒症病理生理学中的作用仍不清楚。本综述概述了 PBUT/蛋白质结合的生化方面，以解释它们的肾脏形成和消除机制；一些例子来自涉及白蛋白与硫酸吲哚酚、对甲酚硫酸盐、对甲酚葡糖苷酸和马尿酸结合的途径。我们还强调了 PBUT 透析去除过程中的动力学行为，以解决未来对透析治疗的担忧。对甲酚硫酸盐、对甲酚葡糖苷酸和马尿酸。我们还强调了 PBUT 透析去除过程中的动力学行为，以解决未来对透析治疗的担忧。对甲酚硫酸盐、对甲酚葡糖苷酸和马尿酸。我们还强调了 PBUT 透析去除过程中的动力学行为，以解决未来对透析治疗的担忧。