Excessive agricultural inputs meet food demand only at a huge environmental cost, and optimized management strategies are needed to promote the balanced development of food security, water conservation, and environmental sustainability. Here, we conducted a two-year field experiment to investigate annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, yield, water use efficiency (WUE), global warming potential (GWP), and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) from 2016 to 2018 in a typical wheat–maize cropping system in the North China Plain. Two tillage methods (T1, rotary tillage; T2, subsoiling) and four irrigation schedules (W1, pre-planting irrigation; W2, pre-planting + jointing irrigation; W3, pre-planting + anthesis irrigation; W4, pre-planting + jointing + anthesis irrigation) were used for winter wheat, and conventional practices were adopted for summer maize. In the winter wheat–summer maize season, the soil acted as a net sink for CH₄ but as a source for CO₂ and N₂O in all treatments, and CO₂ accounted for the highest proportion of the GWP. The inappropriate irrigation period in the W3 treatment caused greater GHG release and reduced crop yield, whereas the excessive irrigation in the W4 treatment led to low water productivity. Although the use of irrigation water increased annual GHG emissions, an appropriate irrigation schedule could significantly mitigate the GHGI. Compared with the W3 and W4 treatments, the W2 treatment increased yield by an average of 7.56–10.58% and 2.06–2.68%, improved WUE by 9.95–17.83% and 11.29–22.84%, reduced GWP by 3.70–5.10% and 0.65–2.25%, and decreased GHGI by 10.66–14.26% and 3.05–4.86%, respectively. The T2 treatment resulted in high GHG emissions and was accompanied by low yield and water productivity. Relative to the T2 treatment, the annual yield and WUE in the T1 treatment increased by an average of 4.41–15.15% and 8.12–12.76%, and the annual GWP and GHGI decreased by 3.97–4.62% and 8.80–16.93%. Therefore, rotary tillage combined with supplementary irrigation at the jointing stage can mitigate GHG emissions and improve yield and water productivity, making it an environmentally friendly agricultural practice.

过多的农业投入只能以巨大的环境成本满足粮食需求，因此需要优化的管理战略来促进粮食安全，节水和环境可持续性的平衡发展。在这里，我们进行了为期两年的野外实验，以调查典型的2016年至2018年的年度温室气体（GHG）排放，产量，水分利用效率（WUE），全球变暖潜力（GWP）和温室气体强度（GHGI）。华北平原的小麦－玉米种植系统。两种耕作方法（T1，旋耕； T2，深松）和四种灌溉时间表（W1，播种前灌溉； W2，播种前种植+拔节灌溉； W3，播种前种植+花粉灌溉； W4，播种前种植+拔节+花药灌溉）用于冬小麦，夏玉米则采用常规做法。_4，但在所有处理中均作为CO ₂和N ₂ O的来源，以及CO ₂在全球升温潜能值中所占比例最高。W3处理的不适当灌溉期导致更多的GHG释放并降低了农作物产量，而W4处理的过度灌溉导致水分生产率低下。尽管使用灌溉水增加了每年的温室气体排放量，但适当的灌溉时间表可以显着减轻GHGI。与W3和W4处理相比，W2处理平均提高了产量7.56–10.58％和2.06–2.68％，提高WUE了9.95–17.83％和11.29–22.84％，GWP降低了3.70–5.10％和0.65– 2.25％，GHGI分别降低了10.66-14.26％和3.05-4.86％。T2处理导致高温室气体排放，并伴有低产量和水生产率。相对于T2治疗，T1处理的年产量和WUE分别平均增加4.41-15.15％和8.12-12.76％，而年GWP和GHGI分别下降3.97-4.62％和8.80-16.93％。因此，在拔节阶段旋耕与补充灌溉相结合，可以减少温室气体排放并提高产量和水生产率，使其成为一种环境友好的农业实践。