The effects of growing urbanization have caused an increase in human-wildlife interactions in urban areas. Human-gull conflicts have been particularly studied during the breeding season when gulls cause an obvious nuisance in urban areas. However, with many gulls being present in urban areas throughout the year, stakeholders need knowledge of seasonal effects on local human-gull interaction dynamics. Here we present a comprehensive study on spatial and temporal variation of urban habitat use and human interactions with urban gulls, Larus spp., in Porto, Portugal. The work combined: (1) a large-scale study, using year-round monthly surveys to quantify gulls’ behaviour and their use of multiple urban habitats, with (2) a small-scale study, using 10-h daily urban surveys to capture gulls’ daily routines and interactions with humans during the winter and breeding seasons. We found a strong temporal effect in the number of gulls and human-gull interactions occurring in urban areas, with both highly increasing during winter. Habitats with higher urbanization intensity were mainly used by adult gulls, and the number of breeding-related conflicts reported by the human population peaked during the chick-rearing period. Still, during winter, several adult gulls kept occupying their rooftop nesting grounds, and the number of individuals foraging and interacting with humans in city-squares increased. This was mostly triggered by humans feeding birds. Therefore, when designing urban management landscape measures, seasonal variations of the urban gulls’ behaviour and habitat-use should be considered, as well as anthropogenic activities and human behaviour.

日益城市化的影响已导致城市地区人类与野生动物互动的增加。在繁殖季节，当海鸥在城市地区造成明显的滋扰时，特别进行了人与海鸥的冲突研究。但是，由于全年都有许多海鸥出现在市区，因此利益相关者需要了解季节性对当地人与海鸥互动动态的影响。在这里，我们对城市栖息地利用的时空变化以及人类与城市鸥（鸥）的相互作用进行了全面的研究。spp。，在葡萄牙波尔图。这项工作结合了：（1）一项大规模研究，使用全年的每月调查来量化海鸥的行为及其对多个城市栖息地的利用，（2）一项小型研究，使用每天10小时的城市调查来捕获海鸥的日常活动以及在冬季和繁殖季节与人类的互动。我们发现在城市地区发生的海鸥数量和人与海鸥之间的相互作用具有强烈的时间效应，而在冬季，两者的影响都大大增加。城市化强度较高的栖息地主要用于成年海鸥，在雏鸡饲养期间，人类报告的与繁殖有关的冲突数量达到顶峰。尽管如此，在冬季，仍有几只成年海鸥继续占领其屋顶的巢穴，在城市广场觅食并与人类互动的个体数量有所增加。这主要是由人类喂鸟引起的。因此，在设计城市管理景观措施时，应考虑城市鸥的行为和栖息地使用的季节性变化，以及人为活动和人类行为。