Lithium-ion batteries are currently the most advanced electrochemical energy storage technology due to a favourable balance of performance and cost properties. Driven by forecasted growth of the electric vehicles market, the cell production capacity for this technology is continuously being scaled up. However, the demand for better performance, particularly higher energy densities and/or lower costs, has triggered research into post-lithium-ion technologies such as solid-state lithium metal, lithium–sulfur and lithium–air batteries as well as post-lithium technologies such as sodium-ion batteries. Currently, these technologies are being intensively studied with regard to material chemistry and cell design. In this Review, we expand on the current knowledge in this field. Starting with a market outlook and an analysis of technological differences, we discuss the manufacturing processes of these technologies. For each technology, we describe anode production, cathode production, cell assembly and conditioning. We then evaluate the manufacturing compatibility of each technology with the lithium-ion production infrastructure and discuss the implications for processing costs.

由于性能和成本特性之间的良好平衡，锂离子电池是当前最先进的电化学储能技术。在电动汽车市场的增长预测的推动下，这项技术的电池产能正在不断扩大。但是，对更好的性能（尤其是更高的能量密度和/或更低的成本）的需求引发了对后锂离子技术的研究，例如固态锂金属，锂硫和锂空气电池以及后锂钠离子电池等技术。目前，正在就材料化学和电池设计方面对这些技术进行深入研究。在本评论中，我们扩展了该领域的当前知识。从市场前景和技术差异分析开始，我们讨论这些技术的制造过程。对于每种技术，我们都将描述阳极生产，阴极生产，电池组装和调节。然后，我们评估每种技术与锂离子生产基础设施的制造兼容性，并讨论对加工成本的影响。