Abstract

For more than a 60-year period of apple breeding, 54 apple cultivars of different dates of fruit maturation have been developed and included in the State Register. Over this period of work, the requirements for new cultivars have significantly increased, and methods for creating new cultivars have been improved. Traditional methods of selection, i.e., repeated hybridization and geographically remote crosses, were used at the first stage of selection. The total result of this period is 17 zoned cultivars. At the next stage, the scab-immune cultivars (more than 20) were created, including the first domestic scab-immune cultivar Imrus (immune Russian cultivar). For the first time in Russia and round the world, a series of triploid apple cultivars has been developed that are characterized by high marketability of fruit, more regular fruiting, and partial autogamy. In connection with the intensification of horticulture, it has become relevant to create columnar apple cultivars that allow getting fast high yields due to super-dense planting. Triploid and columnar cultivars that have immunity to scab are of special value. Scientists have a strategic task to create triploid cultivars that have a columnar shape and immunity to scab. These cultivars will have a high rate of fertility, which will smooth out the periodicity of fruiting, increase productivity and marketability of fruits, make them more organic, and improve the environmental situation in the garden and its surroundings.

中文翻译：

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俄罗斯水果作物育种研究所苹果育种的方法和结果

摘要

在苹果育种超过60年的时间里，已经开发了54种不同果实成熟日期的苹果品种，并将其列入国家名录。在此工作期间，对新品种的需求已大大增加，并且创建新品种的方法也得到了改进。在选择的第一阶段使用传统的选择方法，即重复杂交和地理上较远的杂交。这一时期的总结果是17个分区品种。在下一阶段，创建了抗sc疮的品种（超过20个），其中包括第一个国产抗sc疮的品种Imrus（俄罗斯的免疫品种）。在俄罗斯乃至世界范围内，人们首次开发出一系列三倍体苹果品种，其特征是水果的适销性，更常规的结果，和部分自婚。与园艺集约化相关的是，创造柱状苹果栽培品种已变得很重要，该品种由于超密种植而可以快速获得高产。对结ab具有免疫力的三倍体和柱状品种具有特殊价值。科学家的一项战略任务是创建具有柱状形状且对结ab具有免疫力的三倍体品种。这些品种将具有较高的受精率，这将使结实的周期变得平稳，提高水果的生产率和适销性，使它们更加有机，并改善花园及其周围环境的状况。对结ab具有免疫力的三倍体和柱状品种具有特殊价值。科学家的一项战略任务是创建具有柱状形状且对结ab具有免疫力的三倍体品种。这些品种将具有较高的受精率，这将使结实的周期变得平稳，提高水果的生产率和适销性，使它们更加有机，并改善花园及其周围环境的状况。对结ab具有免疫力的三倍体和柱状品种具有特殊价值。科学家的一项战略任务是创建具有柱状形状且对结ab具有免疫力的三倍体品种。这些品种将具有较高的受精率，这将使结实的周期变得平稳，提高水果的生产率和适销性，使它们更加有机，并改善花园及其周围环境的状况。