Unidirectional liquid transport without any need of external energy has drawn worldwide attention for its potential applications in various fields such as microfluidics, biomedicine and mechanical engineering. In nature, numerous creatures have evolved such extraordinary unidirectional liquid transport ability, such as spider silk, Sarracenia’s trichomes, and Nepenthes alata’s peristome, etc. This review summarizes the current progresses of natural unidirectional liquid transport on 1-Dimensional (1D) linear structure and 2-Dimensional (2D) surface structure. The driving force of unidirectional liquid transport which is determined by unique structure exist distinct differences in physics. The fundamental understanding of 1D and 2D unidirectional liquid transport especially about hierarchical structural characteristics and their transport mechanism were concentrated, and various bioinspired fabrication methods are also introduced. The applications of bioinspired directional liquid transport are demonstrated especially in fields of microfluidics, biomedical devices and anti-icing surfaces. With newly developed smart materials, various liquid transport regulation strategies are also summarized for the control of transport speed, direction guiding, etc. Finally, we provide new insights and future perspectives of the directional transport materials.

不需要外部能量的单向液体传输已在微流体，生物医学和机械工程等各个领域的潜在应用吸引了全世界的关注。在自然界中，无数的生物进化出了这种非凡的单向液体运输能力，例如蜘蛛丝、,草的毛状体和阿拉斯猪笼草的Perestome等。。这篇综述总结了自然单向液体在一维（1D）线性结构和二维（2D）表面结构上的研究进展。由独特的结构决定的单向液体传输的驱动力在物理学上存在明显的差异。集中了对一维和二维单向液体传输的基本理解，尤其是关于层次结构特征及其传输机制的基本理解，并介绍了各种具有生物启发性的制造方法。特别是在微流控技术，生物医学设备和防冰表面领域，证明了生物启发性定向液体运输的应用。借助最新开发的智能材料，还总结了各种液体运输调节策略，以控制运输速度，等。最后，我们提供了定向运输材料的新见解和未来展望。