In the true flies (Diptera), the hind wings have evolved into specialized mechanosensory organs known as halteres, which are sensitive to gyroscopic and other inertial forces. Together with the fly's visual system, the halteres direct head and wing movements through a suite of equilibrium reflexes that are crucial to the fly's ability to maintain stable flight. As in other animals (including humans), this presents challenges to the nervous system as equilibrium reflexes driven by the inertial sensory system must be integrated with those driven by the visual system in order to control an overlapping pool of motor outputs shared between the two of them. Here, we introduce an experimental paradigm for reproducibly altering haltere stroke kinematics and use it to quantify multisensory integration of wing and gaze equilibrium reflexes. We show that multisensory wing-steering responses reflect a linear superposition of haltere-driven and visually driven responses, but that multisensory gaze responses are not well predicted by this framework. These models, based on populations, extend also to the responses of individual flies.

中文翻译：

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Haltere 和视觉输入线性相加以预测系留飞行果蝇的机翼（但不是凝视）运动输出

在真正的果蝇（双翅目）中，后翅已经进化成一种特殊的机械感觉器官，被称为halteres，它对陀螺力和其他惯性力很敏感。与苍蝇的视觉系统一起，halteres 通过一套平衡反射来指导头部和翅膀的运动，这对苍蝇保持稳定飞行的能力至关重要。与其他动物（包括人类）一样，这对神经系统提出了挑战，因为由惯性感觉系统驱动的平衡反射必须与由视觉系统驱动的平衡反射相结合，以控制两者之间共享的重叠运动输出池。他们。在这里，我们介绍了一种实验范式，用于可重复地改变 Haltere 中风运动学，并用它来量化机翼和凝视平衡反射的多感官整合。我们表明，多感官机翼转向反应反映了 haltere 驱动和视觉驱动响应的线性叠加，但该框架不能很好地预测多感官凝视反应。这些基于种群的模型也扩展到个体苍蝇的反应。