Forests perform various important ecosystem functions that contribute to ecosystem services. In many parts of the world, forest management has shifted from a focus on timber production to multi-purpose forestry, combining timber production with the supply of other forest ecosystem services. However, it is unclear which forest types provide which ecosystem services and to what extent forests primarily managed for timber already supply multiple ecosystem services. Based on a comprehensive dataset collected across 150 forest plots in three regions differing in management intensity and species composition, we develop models to predict the potential supply of 13 ecosystem services. We use those models to assess the level of multifunctionality of managed forests at the national level using national forest inventory data. Looking at the potential supply of ecosystem services, we found trade-offs (e.g. between both bark beetle control or dung decomposition and both productivity or soil carbon stocks) as well as synergies (e.g. for temperature regulation, carbon storage and culturally interesting plants) across the 53 most dominant forest types in Germany. No single forest type provided all ecosystem services equally. Some ecosystem services showed comparable levels across forest types (e.g. decomposition or richness of saprotrophs), while others varied strongly, depending on forest structural attributes (e.g. phosphorous availability or cover of edible plants) or tree species composition (e.g. potential nitrification activity). Variability in potential supply of ecosystem services was only to a lesser extent driven by environmental conditions. However, the geographic variation in ecosystem function supply across Germany was closely linked with the distribution of main tree species. Our results show that forest multifunctionality is limited to subsets of ecosystem services. The importance of tree species composition highlights that a lack of multifunctionality at the stand level can be compensated by managing forests at the landscape level, when stands of complementary forest types are combined. These results imply that multi-purpose forestry should be based on a variety of forest types requiring coordinated planning across larger spatial scales.

中文翻译：

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国家森林清单记录了德国管理森林的多功能性

森林执行各种重要的生态系统功能，这些功能有助于生态系统服务。在世界许多地方，森林管理已从注重木材生产转向多功能林业，将木材生产与其他森林生态系统服务的提供结合起来。但是，目前尚不清楚哪种森林类型提供哪些生态系统服务，以及主要为木材管理的森林在多大程度上已经提供了多种生态系统服务。基于在三个区域的管理强度和物种组成不同的150个森林地块上收集的综合数据集，我们开发了模型来预测13种生态系统服务的潜在供应。我们使用这些模型通过国家森林清单数据评估国家一级管理林的多功能性水平。考察生态系统服务的潜在供应后，我们发现了权衡取舍（例如，控制树皮甲虫或粪便分解与生产力或土壤碳储量之间）以及协同效应（例如，在温度调节，碳储存和具有文化意义的植物之间）德国53种最主要的森林类型。没有单一的森林类型可以平等地提供所有生态系统服务。一些生态系统服务在整个森林类型中表现出可比的水平（例如，腐腐菌的分解或丰富度），而其他的则变化很大，这取决于森林的结构属性（例如，磷的可利用性或食用植物的覆盖率）或树木的种类组成（例如，潜在的硝化活性）。生态系统服务潜在供应的变化仅在较小程度上受环境条件的驱动。然而，德国整个生态系统功能供应的地理变化与主要树种的分布密切相关。我们的结果表明，森林的多功能性仅限于生态系统服务的子集。树种组成的重要性突出表明，当合并互补林类型的林分时，可以通过在景观水平上管理森林来补偿林分一级缺乏多功能性的情况。这些结果表明，多用途林业应基于需要在较大空间尺度上进行协调规划的多种森林类型。树种组成的重要性突出表明，当合并互补林类型的林分时，可以通过在景观水平上管理森林来补偿林分一级缺乏多功能性的情况。这些结果表明，多用途林业应基于需要在较大空间尺度上进行协调规划的多种森林类型。树种组成的重要性突出表明，当合并互补林类型的林分时，可以通过在景观水平上管理森林来补偿林分一级缺乏多功能性的情况。这些结果表明，多用途林业应基于需要在较大空间尺度上进行协调规划的多种森林类型。