Environmental Health Perspectives ( IF 10.1 ) Pub Date : 2021-1-27 , DOI: 10.1289/ehp7495 Anthony Nardone 1 , Kara E Rudolph 2 , Rachel Morello-Frosch 3 , Joan A Casey 4
Abstract
Introduction:
Redlining, a racist mortgage appraisal practice of the 1930s, established and exacerbated racial residential segregation boundaries in the United States. Investment risk grades assigned ago through security maps from the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) are associated with current sociodemographics and adverse health outcomes. We assessed whether historical HOLC investment grades are associated with 2010 greenspace, a health-promoting neighborhood resource.
Objectives:
We compared 2010 normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) across previous HOLC neighborhood grades using propensity score restriction and matching.
Methods:
Security map shapefiles were downloaded from the Mapping Inequality Project. Neighborhood investment risk grades included A (best, green), B (blue), C (yellow), and D (hazardous, red, i.e., redlined). We used 2010 satellite imagery to calculate the average NDVI for each HOLC neighborhood. Our main outcomes were 2010 annual average NDVI and summer NDVI. We assigned areal-apportioned 1940 census measures to each HOLC neighborhood. We used propensity score restriction, matching, and targeted maximum likelihood estimation to limit model extrapolation, reduce confounding, and estimate the association between HOLC grade and NDVI for the following comparisons: Grades B vs. A, C vs. B, and D vs. C.
Results:
Across 102 urban areas (4,141 HOLC polygons), annual average 2010 NDVI was 0.47 (), 0.43 (), 0.39 (), and 0.36 () in Grades A–D, respectively. In analyses adjusted for current ecoregion and census region, 1940s census measures, and 1940s population density, annual average NDVI values in 2010 were estimated at (95% CI: , ), (95% CI: , ), and (95% CI: , ) for Grades B vs. A, C vs. B, and D vs. C, respectively, in the 1930s.
Discussion:
Estimates adjusted for historical characteristics indicate that neighborhoods assigned worse HOLC grades in the 1930s are associated with reduced present-day greenspace. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7495
中文翻译:
红线与绿地:美国历史红线与 2010 年绿地之间的关系
摘要
介绍:
Redlining 是 1930 年代的一种种族主义抵押贷款评估做法,它在美国建立并加剧了种族居住隔离的界限。分配的投资风险等级以前通过房主贷款公司 (HOLC) 的安全地图与当前的社会人口统计学和不利的健康结果相关联。我们评估了 HOLC 的历史投资等级是否与 2010 年的绿色空间相关,这是一种促进健康的社区资源。
目标:
我们使用倾向评分限制和匹配比较了 2010 年归一化差异植被指数 (NDVI) 跨以前的 HOLC 邻域等级。
方法:
安全地图 shapefile 是从 Mapping Inequality Project 下载的。邻里投资风险等级包括A(最佳,绿色)、B(蓝色)、C(黄色)和D(危险,红色,即红线)。我们使用 2010 年的卫星图像来计算每个 HOLC 社区的平均 NDVI。我们的主要结果是 2010 年平均 NDVI 和夏季 NDVI。我们为每个 HOLC 社区分配了按面积分配的 1940 年人口普查措施。我们使用倾向得分限制、匹配和有针对性的最大似然估计来限制模型外推、减少混杂,并估计 HOLC 等级和 NDVI 之间的关联,以进行以下比较:等级 B 与 A、C 与 B、D 与 NDVI。 C。
结果:
跨越 102 个城市地区(4,141 个 HOLC 多边形),年平均 2010 年 NDVI 为 0.47 (), 0.43 (), 0.39 () 和 0.36 () 分别在 A-D 级。在针对当前生态区和人口普查区、1940 年代人口普查措施和 1940 年代人口密度进行调整的分析中,2010 年的年平均 NDVI 值估计为 (95%置信区间: , ), (95%置信区间: , ), 和 (95%置信区间: , ) 分别表示 1930 年代的 B 与 A、C 与 B 和 D 与 C 级。
讨论:
对历史特征进行调整的估计表明,在 1930 年代分配的 HOLC 等级较差的社区与当今绿地减少有关。https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7495