Abstract

The antibiotic resistance (AR) is a threatening risk for human health at a global scale. The propagation, dissemination and evolution of AR have been well-studied these years. With development of AR, the antibiotic-resistance bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) have been detected in almost all environmental systems and matrices. Herein, we attempted to summarize how ARB/ARGs become persist when they enter water environments and further be involved in geochemical processes especially at the interface of natural mineral with light irradiation. During the processes, bacteria have different form of transformation and come into stressed or non-stressed states. Their existed forms will be varied including being inactivated, transient tolerance and persistence phenotypes, which make AR problem become stubborn and complicated. Besides, separation of ARB and ARGs further intensified complexity of AR problem after naked ARGs diffusing into water, which acted as reservoir of ARGs and set stage for their transfer between bacteria. Furthermore, acquisition of ARGs mediated plasmid could even bring some advantages or disadvantage to bacteria, making problem more complex and uncontrollable. To enable AR under control, it is critical to understand the mechanism how ARB/ARGs participate in environmental geochemical transformation and in what condition that AR persistence happen. Understanding ponderance of AR persistence is not only key to properly assess its risk, but also to seriously prevent the continued development of AR.

摘要

在全球范围内，抗生素抗药性（AR）是威胁人类健康的风险。近年来，对AR的传播，传播和进化进行了深入研究。随着AR的发展，几乎在所有环境系统和基质中都检测到了抗药性细菌（ARB）和抗药性基因（ARG）。在本文中，我们试图总结ARB / ARG进入水环境后如何持久存在，并进一步参与地球化学过程，尤其是在天然矿物与光辐射的界面处。在此过程中，细菌具有不同的转化形式，并进入压力状态或非压力状态。它们的存在形式将被改变，包括被灭活，短暂的耐受性和持久性表型，这使AR问题变得顽固和复杂。除了，裸ARGs扩散到水中后，ARB和ARGs的分离进一步加剧了AR问题的复杂性，这充当了ARGs的储存库并为它们在细菌之间的转移奠定了基础。此外，获得ARGs介导的质粒甚至可能给细菌带来一些优点或缺点，使问题更加复杂和不可控制。为了使AR受到控制，至关重要的是要了解ARB / ARG如何参与环境地球化学转化以及AR持续发生的条件。了解AR持久性的沉思不仅是正确评估其风险的关键，而且是严重防止AR持续发展的关键。它充当了ARG的储存库，并为它们在细菌之间的转移奠定了基础。此外，获得ARGs介导的质粒甚至可能给细菌带来一些优点或缺点，使问题更加复杂和不可控制。为了使AR受到控制，至关重要的是要了解ARB / ARG如何参与环境地球化学转化以及AR持续发生的条件。了解AR持久性的沉思不仅是正确评估其风险的关键，而且是严重防止AR持续发展的关键。它充当了ARG的储存库，并为它们在细菌之间的转移奠定了基础。此外，获得ARGs介导的质粒甚至可能给细菌带来一些优点或缺点，使问题更加复杂和不可控制。为了使AR受到控制，至关重要的是要了解ARB / ARG如何参与环境地球化学转化以及AR持续发生的条件。理解AR持久性的沉思不仅是正确评估其风险的关键，而且是严重防止AR持续发展的关键。了解ARB / ARG如何参与环境地球化学转化以及AR持续性在何种条件下发生的机理至关重要。了解AR持久性的沉思不仅是正确评估其风险的关键，而且是严重防止AR持续发展的关键。了解ARB / ARG如何参与环境地球化学转化以及AR持续性在何种条件下发生的机理至关重要。了解AR持久性的沉思不仅是正确评估其风险的关键，而且是严重防止AR持续发展的关键。