The fumarole ice caves of Mount Rainier in the Cascade Volcanic Arc in Washington, USA, provide unique insight into the dynamic equilibrium between thermal flux of fumaroles on volcanic edifices and snow accumulation on summit glaciers. More than 3.5 km of surveyed cave passage nearly circumnavigate the East Crater, reaching within 19 m of the 4,392 m summit and extending to 144 m depth along the glacier‐crater boundary. The large circum‐crater passage connects entrances on the crater rim to steep transverse passages, and cave morphology is maintained by fumarole gas convection and advection. A melt‐ and condensate‐formed lake, Lake Adélie, occupies a portion of the circum‐crater passage. Hourly data were collected between August 2016 and August 2017 and included the measured temperatures at three fumaroles, the cave air temperature and pressure, the lake water temperature and depth, and the outside temperature and snow depth at Paradise Visitors Center. Time‐series analyses of these data reveal complex associations between synoptic to seasonal weather, fumarole activity, and lake level. On seasonal and longer scales, fumarole temperatures follow independent pathways connected to spatial and temporal changes in volcanic heat flux and the circulation of glacial melt. Major snowfall seals the cave entrances, increasing cave air temperature and pressure from fumarole output and causing rising lake levels from increased melt until entrances reopen. Repeating freeze‐thaw cycles observed in the cave monitoring data are a primary cause of crater mass wasting. Despite these transient variations, the scale and morphology of the caves is preserved over decadal or longer scales.

中文翻译：

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美国华盛顿州雷尼尔山，火山大厦上的富马ole冰洞中的小气候

美国华盛顿的喀斯喀特火山弧中的雷尼尔山的喷气孔冰洞提供了对火山岩上的喷气孔热通量与峰顶冰川积雪之间动态平衡的独特见解。超过3.5公里的勘测洞穴通道几乎环绕着东火山口，到达4392 m峰顶的19 m以内，并沿冰川－火山口边界延伸至144 m深度。较大的环形火山口通道将火山口边缘的入口连接至陡峭的横向通道，并且通过喷气孔对流和对流维持了洞穴形态。阿德利湖（LakeAdélie）是由凝结水形成的湖，占据了火山口通道的一部分。在2016年8月至2017年8月之间每小时收集一次数据，其中包括在三个喷气孔处测得的温度，洞穴空气温度和压力，天堂游客中心的湖泊水温和深度以及室外温度和降雪深度。对这些数据的时间序列分析揭示了天气与季节天气，喷气孔活动和湖泊水位之间的复杂联系。在季节性和更长的尺度上，喷气孔温度遵循与火山热通量的时空变化和冰川融化的循环有关的独立途径。大雪封堵了山洞的入口，增加了山洞的空气温度和来自喷气孔的压力，并由于融化增加而使湖面上升，直到入口重新开放。洞穴监测数据中观察到的反复冻融循环是造成陨石坑大量浪费的主要原因。尽管存在这些短暂的变化，但洞穴的规模和形态仍保留了数十年或更长时间的规模。