Along with the development in the Internet of Things technology and smart city, a distributed network has been formed among cities. This makes it easy to integrate distributed electric energy into the power grid, thus become an efficient way to use energy. However, how to guarantee the security and privacy protection of distributed electricity trading has not been solved effectively. In this article, we propose a blockchain-based electricity trading (B-ET) ecosystem and design a smart contract to ensure transactions are conducted in a safe and reliable manner. To overcome the shortcomings of high latency in traditional Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus, we proposed a credit-based PoW consensus mechanism by integrating the concept of “stake” to improve the consortium blockchain under the B-ET ecosystem. Then, we take combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system as an example that supplies distributed energy, and model its interactions with the agent of power grid by a novel Stackelberg game. We show that the optimal utilities of entities in a city can be obtained at the Stackelberg equilibrium by a distributed algorithm, which is guaranteed to exist and be unique. In the end, we conduct a number of numerical simulations to evaluate our proposed model and verify our algorithms, which demonstrate their correctness and efficiency completely.

中文翻译：

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智慧城市分布式电力交易的区块链生态系统


随着物联网技术和智慧城市的发展，城市之间形成了分布式网络。这使得分布式电能很容易并入电网，从而成为一种高效的能源利用方式。然而，如何保证分布式电力交易的安全和隐私保护尚未得到有效解决。在本文中，我们提出了一个基于区块链的电力交易（B-ET）生态系统，并设计了智能合约以确保交易以安全可靠的方式进行。为了克服传统工作量证明（PoW）共识中延迟高的缺点，我们结合“权益”的概念，提出了一种基于信用的 PoW 共识机制，以完善 B-ET 生态下的联盟链。然后，我们以冷热电联供（CCHP）系统为例，提供分布式能源，并通过新颖的 Stackelberg 博弈对其与电网代理的交互进行建模。我们证明，通过分布式算法可以在 Stackelberg 均衡处获得城市中实体的最优效用，并且保证存在且唯一。最后，我们进行了多次数值模拟来评估我们提出的模型并验证我们的算法，完全证明了其正确性和效率。