ABSTRACT

Research Question

In what ways can cities leverage an unsuccessful Olympic Games bid to bring them positive benefits?

Research Methods

A multiple case study approach using the bids of Cape Town and Toronto for the 2004 and 2008 Olympic Games, respectively. Interviews were conducted with 31 stakeholders across both bids; including 19 members of the respective bid teams and a further 12 interviews with external stakeholders. This data is supplemented by documentary analysis of candidate files, promotional materials and city/council documents.

Results and Findings

Despite the differing political and social contexts of the two cities studied, both utilized similar leveraging strategies. The Olympic bid process focuses those in a city, bringing together coalitions, forcing a city to take stock of its current situation and brings national interest. The bid teams utilized the threat of not being successful to lever national government funding and created leveraging bodies to deliver the strategies.

Implications

The implications of this study are twofold. First, it provides cities with insight into how even an unsuccessful Olympic bid can provide benefits. Crucially, only legitimate bidders contributing to already existing plans can access government funding. Second, this research contributes to the bidding literature, providing new empirical material derived using a diverse case study approach, and to the leveraging literature through adapting, extending and updating Chalip’s (2004) conceptual model of event leverage.

中文翻译：

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输者皆赢：利用“失败的”申奥获得积极收益

摘要

研究问题

城市可以通过哪些方式利用失败的奥运会申办为他们带来积极收益？

研究方法

分别使用开普敦和多伦多申办 2004 年和 2008 年奥运会的多案例研究方法。对两次投标的 31 名利益相关者进行了访谈；包括各投标团队的 19 名成员以及与外部利益相关者的另外 12 次访谈。该数据由候选人档案、宣传材料和市/议会文件的文件分析补充。

结果和发现

尽管所研究的两个城市的政治和社会背景不同，但它们都采用了相似的杠杆策略。申奥过程集中了一个城市的人，汇集了联盟，迫使一个城市评估其现状并带来国家利益。投标团队利用不成功的威胁来撬动国家政府的资金，并创建了杠杆机构来实施战略。

启示

这项研究的意义是双重的。首先，它让城市深入了解即使申奥失败也能带来好处。至关重要的是，只有为现有计划做出贡献的合法投标人才能获得政府资金。其次，这项研究有助于投标文献，提供使用不同案例研究方法得出的新经验材料，并通过调整、扩展和更新 Chalip (2004) 的事件杠杆概念模型来促进杠杆文献。