This study employed panel spatial simultaneous equations models with a generalized spatial two-stage least squares (GS2SLS) method to explore the three-way linkages among economic growth, carbon emissions, and renewable energy consumption for European Union (EU) countries from 1995 to 2014. Findings indicate that positive spatial correlations of the variables of concern are confirmed across countries. Specifically, the evidence shows that economic growth is stronger spatially correlated than carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions or renewable energy consumption. Our findings demonstrate that the link between economic growth and carbon emissions, and between economic growth and renewable energy consumption is bidirectional. Moreover, the evidence also confirms that the nexus between economic growth and renewable energy consumption is unidirectional. These novel empirical results would help policy makers in designing appropriate environmental and energy policies to fulfill EU targets for economic development and sustainability.

这项研究采用具有广义空间两阶段最小二乘（GS2SLS）方法的面板空间联立方程模型来研究1995年至2014年欧盟国家的经济增长，碳排放和可再生能源消费之间的三向联系研究结果表明，关注变量的正空间相关性已在各个国家得到确认。具体而言，有证据表明，经济增长在空间上比二氧化碳（CO ₂）排放或可再生能源消耗。我们的发现表明，经济增长与碳排放之间以及经济增长与可再生能源消耗之间的联系是双向的。此外，证据还证实经济增长与可再生能源消耗之间的联系是单向的。这些新颖的经验结果将帮助决策者设计适当的环境和能源政策，以实现欧盟的经济发展和可持续性目标。