Abstract This article examines a back-to-Africa movement from early twentieth-century Cuba. The leader, William George Emanuel, arrived in Cuba from Antigua in 1894, and over the next several years, he worked to unite the cabildos de nación and sociedades de color on the island. After independence in 1898, Emanuel and his followers rejected Cuban citizenship and began petitioning Britain, the United States, Belgium, and the Gold Coast for land grants in West and Central Africa. Each petition, however, told a different story. Emanuel skillfully tailored his appeals according to his audience, variously claiming that he and his followers were “British,” “African,” “Congolese,” or “Mina,” among other identities. Anticipating the rise of Marcus Garvey by over a decade, Emanuel's campaign reveals an overlooked pan-Africanist strand in the typical narrative for this period of Cuban history. Drawing mainly on the petitions themselves, the article analyzes how Emanuel blended the languages of empire, nation, race, and ethnicity to create a dynamic pan-African identity. More generally, the article demonstrates how marginalized groups have long negotiated the boundaries of identity in the pursuit of belonging.

中文翻译：

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“永远期待非洲”：威廉·乔治·伊曼纽尔和古巴的遣返政治，1894-1906

摘要 本文考察了 20 世纪早期古巴的回归非洲运动。领导人威廉·乔治·伊曼纽尔 (William George Emanuel) 于 1894 年从安提瓜岛抵达古巴，在接下来的几年里，他致​​力于将岛上的民族协会和色彩社会联合起来。1898 年独立后，伊曼纽尔和他的追随者拒绝了古巴公民身份，并开始向英国、美国、比利时和黄金海岸请愿，要求在西非和中非获得土地。然而，每一份请愿书都讲述了一个不同的故事。伊曼纽尔巧妙地根据他的观众调整了他的吸引力，各种声称他和他的追随者是“英国人”、“非洲人”、“刚果人”或“米娜”等身份。预计马库斯加维十多年的崛起，伊曼纽尔 这场运动揭示了古巴历史这一时期典型叙事中被忽视的泛非主义倾向。文章主要利用请愿书本身，分析了伊曼纽尔如何融合帝国、民族、种族和民族的语言来创造一个充满活力的泛非身份。更一般地说，这篇文章展示了边缘化群体如何在追求归属感的过程中长期协商身份的界限。