Energetic demands and fear of predators are considered primary factors shaping animal behavior, and both are likely drivers of movement decisions that ultimately determine the spatial ecology of wildlife. Yet energetic constraints on movement imposed by the physical landscape have only been considered separately from those imposed by risk avoidance, limiting our understanding of how short-term movement decisions scale up to affect long-term space use. Here, we integrate the costs of both physical terrain and predation risk into a common currency, energy, and then quantify their effects on the short-term movement and long-term spatial ecology of a large carnivore living in a human-dominated landscape. Using high-resolution GPS and accelerometer data from collared pumas (Puma concolor), we calculated the short-term (i.e., 5-min) energetic costs of navigating both rugged physical terrain and a landscape of risk from humans (major sources of both mortality and fear for our study population). Both the physical and risk landscapes affected puma short-term movement costs, with risk having a relatively greater impact by inducing high-energy but low-efficiency movement behavior. The cumulative effects of short-term movement costs led to reductions of 29% to 68% in daily travel distances and total home range area. For male pumas, long-term patterns of space use were predominantly driven by the energetic costs of human-induced risk. This work demonstrates that, along with physical terrain, predation risk plays a primary role in shaping an animal’s “energy landscape” and suggests that fear of humans may be a major factor affecting wildlife movements worldwide.

精力充沛的需求和对捕食者的恐惧被认为是影响动物行为的主要因素，两者都可能是最终决定野生动物空间生态的运动决策的驱动因素。然而，物理景观对运动施加的能量限制仅与风险规避所施加的能量限制分开考虑，这限制了我们对短期运动决策如何扩大影响长期空间使用的理解。在这里，我们将物理地形和捕食风险的成本整合为共同的货币、能源，然后量化它们对生活在人类主导景观中的大型食肉动物的短期运动和长期空间生态的影响。使用来自项圈美洲狮（ Puma concolor ）的高分辨率 GPS 和加速计数据，我们计算了在崎岖的自然地形和人类风险景观（死亡率的主要来源）中航行的短期（即 5 分钟）能量成本。以及对我们研究人群的恐惧）。自然环境和风险景观都会影响美洲狮的短期运动成本，其中风险通过诱发高能量但低效率的运动行为而产生相对较大的影响。短期移动成本的累积效应导致每日出行距离和总活动范围减少 29% 至 68%。对于雄性美洲狮来说，长期的空间利用模式主要是由人类引起的风险的能量成本驱动的。这项工作表明，与自然地形一样，捕食风险在塑造动物的“能量景观”方面起着主要作用，并表明对人类的恐惧可能是影响全球野生动物运动的主要因素。