Abstract

New examples of convergences in the architectonics of trematode musculature are described. These include the complete reduction of the diagonal muscles in the sedentary areas of the integument, the peculiarities of distribution of the dorsoventral muscles within the ventral deepening of the body, the presence of radial parenchymal muscles in the hollow radially symmetrical areas of the body, the spatial distribution of the pharyngeal protractors, the removal of the peripheral layers of the muscles of the oral sucker, the formation of chordal muscles in the oral sucker, and some others. The validity of separating the concepts of convergence and parallelism is discussed. The disadvantages of separation criteria such as the degree of kinship of phylogenetic groups, the occupation of adaptive zones of different scales, and the formation of analogous or homologous organs on the basis of evolution are named. Raising parallelism to the rank of an independent evolutionary phenomenon is estimated as unreasonable.

中文翻译：

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Tremadodes肌肉体系结构中的融合以及融合和并行性概念之间的关系

摘要

描述了吸虫肌肉组织结构收敛的新例子。这些措施包括完全减少在被膜的久坐区域中的对角肌，在身体的腹侧深处腹背肌分布的特殊性，在身体的中空径向对称区域中存在radial骨实质肌肉，咽部量角器的空间分布，口腔吸盘肌肉外围层的去除，口腔吸盘中弦肌的形成等。讨论了将收敛和并行性概念分开的有效性。分离标准的缺点，例如系统发生族的亲属度，占用不同规模的适应区，以及在进化的基础上形成类似或同源器官的方式。将并行性提升到独立的进化现象的等级被认为是不合理的。