The performance of piglets in nurseries may vary depending on body weight, age at weaning, management, and pathogenic load in the pig facilities. The early events in a pig’s life are very important and may have long lasting consequences, since growth lag involves a significant cost to the system due to reduced market weights and increased barn occupancy. The present review evidences that there are several strategies that can be used to improve the performance and welfare of pigs at weaning. A complex set of early management and dietary strategies have been explored in sows and suckling piglets for achieving optimum and efficient growth of piglets after weaning. The management strategies studied to improve development and animal welfare include: (1) improving sow housing during gestation, (2) reducing pain during farrowing, (3) facilitating an early and sufficient colostrum intake, (4) promoting an early social interaction between litters, and (5) providing complementary feed during lactation. Dietary strategies for sows and suckling piglets aim to: (1) enhance fetal growth (arginine, folate, betaine, vitamin B₁₂, carnitine, chromium, and zinc), (2) increase colostrum and milk production (DL-methionine, DL-2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid, arginine, L-carnitine, tryptophan, valine, vitamin E, and phytogenic actives), (3) modulate sows’ oxidative and inflammation status (polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin E, selenium, phytogenic actives, and spray dried plasma), (4) allow early microbial colonization (probiotics), or (5) supply conditionally essential nutrients (nucleotides, glutamate, glutamine, threonine, and tryptophan).

中文翻译：

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提高仔猪断奶性能和福利的生命早期管理和饲喂策略：综述

保育舍中仔猪的表现可能会因体重、断奶日龄、管理和养猪设施中的病原体负荷而有所不同。猪生命中的早期事件非常重要，可能会产生长期持续的后果，因为由于上市重量减少和猪舍占用率增加，生长滞后会给系统带来巨大成本。本综述证明，有几种策略可用于改善断奶时猪的生产性能和福利。在母猪和哺乳仔猪中探索了一套复杂的早期管理和饮食策略，以实现断奶后仔猪的最佳和高效生长。为改善发育和动物福利而研究的管理策略包括：(1) 改善妊娠期间的母猪圈舍，(2) 减轻分娩期间的疼痛，(3) 促进早期和充足的初乳摄入，(4) 促进窝间早期的社会互动，（5）在哺乳期间提供补充饲料。母猪和哺乳仔猪的日粮策略旨在：(1) 促进胎儿生长（精氨酸、叶酸、甜菜碱、维生素 B ₁₂、肉碱、铬和锌），(2) 增加初乳和产奶量（DL-蛋氨酸、DL- 2-羟基-4-甲基硫代丁酸、精氨酸、左旋肉碱、色氨酸、缬氨酸、维生素 E 和植物活性物质），(3) 调节母猪的氧化和炎症状态（多不饱和脂肪酸、维生素 E、硒、植物活性物质、和喷雾干燥血浆），（4）允许早期微生物定植（益生菌），或（5）提供有条件必需的营养素（核苷酸、谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺、苏氨酸和色氨酸）。