Achieving universal sanitation in informal settlements will depend on improved onsite sanitation, as sewer systems are unlikely to be viable solutions due to technical and political constraints. In Nairobi, Kenya, 60% of the population live among its 150 informal settlements, occupying only 5% of its total residential land. This research assessed the role of informal pit emptiers in providing sanitation in Mukuru and Kibera, two of the largest informal settlements in Nairobi, and the barriers to achieving improved services. Through qualitative data collection, the research found that pit emptiers are institutionally and physically outside of the current paradigm of sanitation service delivery. There is no infrastructure available to remove waste from informal settlements, except for a transfer station that is being piloted by Sanergy, and instead waste ends up disposed in the community. The pit emptiers also face violence and intimidation from competitors or locals claiming ownership of territory. Providing improved sanitation in such areas will depend on the provision of new infrastructure, but this can only succeed with a detailed understanding of the competing and vested interests that can enable or undermine a project.

在非正式住区中实现普遍卫生将取决于改善现场卫生，因为由于技术和政治限制，下水道系统不太可能是可行的解决方案。在肯尼亚的内罗毕，60％的人口生活在其150个非正式定居点中，仅占其总居住土地的5％。这项研究评估了内陆最大的两个非正式住区Mukuru和Kibera中非正式坑坑洼洼者在提供卫生设施方面的作用，以及改善服务质量的障碍。通过定性数据收集，研究发现，坑式取水器在制度上和物理上都不在当前的卫生服务提供范式之内。除Sanergy试点的转运站外，没有任何可用于从非正式住区清除废物的基础设施，相反，废物最终被处置在社区中。坑坑洼洼的人还面临声称拥有领土的竞争者或当地人的暴力和恐吓。在这些地区提供改善的卫生设施将取决于提供新的基础设施，但这只有在详细了解可能使项目受挫或破坏项目的竞争和既得利益的情况下才能成功。