Tourism plays an essential role in the economic development of a country and has become a growing phenomenon of global importance. The climate change on the other hand has a direct effect and degrades the environmental components and features of the destinations. Pakistan is highly vulnerable to changing the climate which has threatened the tourism sector. The study has emphasized on the significance of the climate in the tourism industry by using the Tourism Climate Index (TCI) which highlights suitable regions and seasons. TCI has been used worldwide to enumerate the impacts of climate change on tourism and tourist destinations. The current study calculates the TCI for four cities of Pakistan, chosen by public opinion. For measuring the index, climatic data of twenty-one years (1997–2017) were taken from the Pakistan Meteorological Department, which include temperature, precipitation, sunshine hours, humidity and wind speed. The results showed that among the seasonal distribution, autumn and spring are good seasons for tourism. Climatic suitability in summer was not favorable for Lahore and Islamabad because of high rainfall and lower thermal comfort. A rapid change in the Annual TCI score was observed and investigated through the contribution of TCI components which happens to be the core reason for the change. Analysis has shown that 75% of the study area as a Bi-modal shoulder peak and 25% as a winter peak. For city Lahore, a maximum number of months were observed as “Excellent” and “Good” for tourism due to a high TCI score. Furthermore, future projection predicts that tourism in Lahore will be highly threatened due to rapidly changing climate. Government and tourism stakeholders should conduct such relevant studies at large scale for a better understanding of favorable and unsuitable tourist destinations across Pakistan.

中文翻译：

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基于度量的巴基斯坦主要城市气候和旅游业评估

旅游业在一个国家的经济发展中发挥着至关重要的作用，并已成为一种日益重要的全球现象。另一方面，气候变化会直接影响并降低目的地的环境成分和特征。巴基斯坦极易受到威胁旅游业的气候变化的影响。该研究通过使用突出适合地区和季节的旅游气候指数 (TCI) 来强调气候在旅游业中的重要性。TCI 已在世界范围内用于列举气候变化对旅游业和旅游目的地的影响。当前的研究计算了公众舆论选择的巴基斯坦四个城市的 TCI。为测量该指数，从巴基斯坦气象部门获取了 21 年（1997-2017）的气候数据，包括温度、降水、日照时数、湿度和风速。结果表明，在季节分布中，秋季和春季是旅游的好季节。由于降雨量大和热舒适度较低，夏季的气候适宜性对拉合尔和伊斯兰堡不利。通过 TCI 组件的贡献观察和调查了年度 TCI 分数的快速变化，这恰好是变化的核心原因。分析表明，研究区的 75% 为双峰肩峰，25% 为冬季峰。对于拉合尔市而言，由于 TCI 得分较高，被观察为旅游业“优秀”和“良好”的最多月份数。此外，未来的预测预测，由于气候迅速变化，拉合尔的旅游业将受到高度威胁。