Increasing the use of forest harvest residues for bioenergy production reduces greenhouse emissions from the use of fossil fuels. However, it may also reduce carbon stocks and habitats for deadwood dependent species. Consequently, simple tools for assessing the trade-offs of alternative management practices on forest dynamics and their services to people are needed. The objectives of this study were to combine mapping and simulation modelling to investigate the effects of forest management on ecosystem services related to carbon cycle in the case of bioenergy production; and to evaluate the suitability of this approach for assessing ecosystem services at the landscape level. Stand level simulations of forest growth and carbon budget were combined with extensive multi-source forest inventory data across a southern boreal landscape in Finland. Stochastic changes in the stand age class distribution over the study region were simulated to mimic variation in management regimes. The mapping framework produced reasonable estimates of the effects of forest management on a set of key ecosystem service indicators: the annual carbon stocks and fluxes of forest biomass and soil, timber and energy-wood production and the coarse woody litter production over a simulation period 2012–2100. Regular harvesting, affecting the stand age class distribution, was a key driver of the carbon stock changes at a landscape level. Extracting forest harvest residues in the final felling caused carbon loss from litter and soil, particularly with combined aboveground residue and stump harvesting. It also reduced the annual coarse woody litter production, demonstrating negative impacts on deadwood abundance and, consequently, forest biodiversity. The refined mapping framework was suitable for assessing ecosystem services at the landscape level. The procedure contributes to bridging the gap between ecosystem service mapping and detailed simulation modelling in boreal forests. It allows for visualizing ecosystem services as fine resolution maps to support sustainable land use planning. In the future, more detailed models and a wider variety of ecosystem service indicators could be added to develop the method.

中文翻译：

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寒带森林生态系统服务评估中的桥接映射和模拟模型：生物能源生产对碳动态的影响

越来越多地将森林砍伐残余物用于生物能源生产，从而减少了使用化石燃料所产生的温室气体排放。但是，它也可能减少依赖枯木的物种的碳储量和栖息地。因此，需要简单的工具来评估关于森林动态及其对人类服务的替代管理做法的取舍。这项研究的目的是结合绘图和模拟模型，以研究在生物能源生产的情况下森林管理对与碳循环有关的生态系统服务的影响；并评估这种方法在景观水平上评估生态系统服务的适用性。将森林生长和碳收支的林分水平模拟与芬兰南部寒带地貌的大量多源森林清单数据相结合。模拟了研究区域内林分年龄类别分布的随机变化，以模拟管理制度中的变化。该制图框架对森林管理对一系列关键生态系统服务指标的影响进行了合理的估算：2012年模拟期的年度碳储量和森林生物量与土壤，木材和能源木材生产的年通量和粗木屑产量–2100。定期采伐影响林分年龄等级的分布，是景观层面碳库变化的关键驱动力。在最后的砍伐中提取森林收获残余物会导致枯枝落叶和土壤的碳流失，特别是地上残余物和树桩的联合采伐。这也减少了年粗木屑的产生，表明了对枯木丰度的负面影响，因此，森林生物多样性。完善的制图框架适合在景观水平上评估生态系统服务。该程序有助于缩小生态系统服务图谱与北方森林详细模拟模型之间的差距。它可以将生态系统服务可视化为高分辨率地图，以支持可持续的土地利用规划。将来，可以添加更详细的模型和更广泛的生态系统服务指标来开发该方法。它可以将生态系统服务可视化为高分辨率地图，以支持可持续的土地利用规划。将来，可以添加更详细的模型和更广泛的生态系统服务指标来开发该方法。它可以将生态系统服务可视化为高分辨率地图，以支持可持续的土地利用规划。将来，可以添加更详细的模型和更广泛的生态系统服务指标来开发该方法。