Air strikes have become an essential tool in major powers’ military arsenals. Yet, despite the precise technology that air power represents, its use can also result in unintended killings. In this paper, we explore how air strikes affect civilian killings as collateral damage by third party interveners. In particular, we argue that this effect is conditioned by the presence of non-governmental civil society actors on the ground. We thus explore how air strikes affect civilian killings by government actors involved in conflicts and how civil society can diminish harm against civilian actors during aerial bombing campaigns. Our results suggest that air strikes may cause deaths through collateral killings. Yet, when air strikes occur in countries where human rights organizations are active, these civilian deaths may be mitigated.

中文翻译：

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空中力量、非政府组织和附带杀戮

空袭已成为大国军事武库中必不可少的工具。然而，尽管空中力量代表了精确的技术，但它的使用也可能导致意外杀戮。在本文中，我们探讨了空袭如何影响平民杀戮作为第三方干预者的附带损害。特别是，我们认为这种影响取决于当地非政府民间社会行为者的存在。因此，我们探讨了空袭如何影响参与冲突的政府行为者对平民的杀戮，以及民间社会如何在空中轰炸行动中减少对平民行为者的伤害。我们的研究结果表明，空袭可能通过附带杀戮导致死亡。然而，当空袭发生在人权组织活跃的国家时，这些平民死亡可能会得到缓解。