In recent years, the decentralized development of ontologies has led to the generation of multiple ontologies of overlapping knowledge. This heterogeneity problem can be tackled by integrating existing ontologies to build a single coherent one. Ontology integration has been investigated during the last two decades, but it is still a challenging task. In this article, we provide a comprehensive survey of all ontology integration aspects. We discuss related notions and scrutinize existing techniques and literature approaches. We also detail the role of ontology matching in the ontology integration process. Indeed, the ontology community has adopted the splitting of the ontology integration problem into matching, merging and repairing sub-tasks, where matching is a necessary preceding step for merging, and repairing can be included in the matching process or performed separately. Ontology matching and merging systems have become quite proficient, however the trickiest part lies in the repairing step. We also focus on the case of a holistic integration of multiple heterogeneous ontologies, which needs further exploration. Finally, we investigate challenges, open issues, and future directions of the ontology integration and matching areas.

近年来，本体的去中心化发展导致了知识重叠的多个本体的产生。可以通过集成现有本体以构建单个一致的本体来解决此异质性问题。在过去的二十年中，已经对本体集成进行了研究，但这仍然是一项艰巨的任务。在本文中，我们提供了对所有本体集成方面的全面概述。我们讨论了相关概念，并仔细研究了现有技术和文献方法。我们还详细介绍了本体匹配在本体集成过程中的作用。的确，本体论社区已经将本体论集成问题分解为匹配，合并和修复。子任务，其中匹配是合并的必要先决步骤，并且修复可以包含在匹配过程中，也可以单独执行。本体匹配和合并系统已经变得非常熟练，但是最棘手的部分在于修复步骤。我们还将重点放在多个异构本体的整体集成的情况下，这需要进一步的研究。最后，我们研究了本体集成和匹配领域的挑战，未解决的问题以及未来的方向。