One objective of Industry 4.0 is to reach a better system performance as well as to have a better consideration of humans. This would be done by benefiting from knowledge and experience of humans, and balancing in a reactive way some complex or complicated tasks with intelligent systems. Several studies already dealt with such an objective, but few are done at a methodological level, which forbids, for example, the correct evaluation of design choices in terms of human awareness of the situation or mental workload when designing intelligent manufacturing systems integrating the human. Indeed, increasing the intelligence and autonomy of industrial systems and their composing entities (resources, products, robots…), as fostered by Industry 4.0, increases their overall complexity. This modification reduces the ability to understand the behaviors of these systems, and leads to the difficulty for humans not only to elaborate alternative decisions when required, but also to make effective decisions and understand their consequences. This paper evaluates such a design methodology, the Cognitive Work Analysis (CWA), and its applicability when designing an assistance system to support Human in the control of Intelligent Manufacturing System in Industry 4.0. Among several functions identified through the application of CWA, the assistant system might have to integrate a digital twin of the intelligent manufacturing system. The evaluation of the methodology through the one of the designed assistant systems is done using a micro-world, which is an intelligent manufacturing cell composed of intelligent mobile ground robots, products, and static production robots interacting together and with a human supervisor in charge of the reaching of several time-based and energy-based performances indicators. The assistant system embeds a digital twin of the intelligent manufacturing system. Twenty-three participants took part in experiments to evaluate the designed assistance system. First results show that the assistance system enables participants to have a correct awareness of the situation and a correct evaluation of their alternative decisions, while their mental workload is managed and expected production performances are reached. This paper contains an analysis of these experiments and points out some limits of the CWA method in the context of Industry 4.0, especially the lack of tool enabling to specify clearly the cooperation processes between the supervisor and the intelligent manufacturing system. This paper concludes with potential research avenues, the main one being the potential benefits of coupling CWA with human–machine cooperation principles to fine tune and adapt the cooperation between the human and the intelligent manufacturing system.

工业4.0的一个目标是达到更好的系统性能并更好地考虑人。这将通过受益于人类的知识和经验，并以反应性的方式通过智能系统平衡某些复杂的任务来完成。已经有一些研究针对这一目标进行了研究，但是在方法论层面却很少进行研究，例如，当设计集成人的智能制造系统时，就无法根据人们对情况的意识或精神工作量来正确评估设计选择。实际上，正如工业4.0所促进的那样，增加工业系统及其组成实体（资源，产品，机器人等）的智能和自主权会增加其整体复杂性。这种修改降低了理解这些系统的行为的能力，并导致人类不仅难以在需要时制定替代决策，而且难以做出有效决策并了解其后果。本文评估了这种设计方法，认知工作分析（CWA）及其在设计支持人为控制工业4.0中智能制造系统的辅助系统时的适用性。在通过CWA的应用程序确定的几个功能中，辅助系统可能必须集成智能制造系统的数字孪生。通过一个设计的辅助系统对方法的评估是使用微世界完成的，微世界是由智能移动地面机器人，产品，与静态生产机器人互动，并与负责监督多个基于时间和基于能源的绩效指标的监督人员进行交互。辅助系统嵌入了智能制造系统的数字孪生。23名参与者参加了评估设计的辅助系统的实验。初步结果表明，该协助系统使参与者能够正确了解情况并正确评估其替代决策，同时管理他们的心理工作量并达到预期的生产绩效。本文对这些实验进行了分析，并指出了工业4.0背景下CWA方法的一些局限性，尤其是缺少能够明确指定主管与智能制造系统之间合作过程的工具。本文以潜在的研究途径作为结束，主要的一个是将CWA与人机合作原理相结合以微调和适应人与智能制造系统之间的合作的潜在收益。