Large-scale solar is a non-reversible trend in the energy mix of Malaysia. Due to the mismatch between the peak of solar energy generation and the peak demand, energy storage projects are essential and crucial to optimize the use of this renewable resource. Although the technical and environmental benefits of such transition have been examined, the profitability of energy storage systems combined with large-scale solar PV has not been studied in Malaysia. This project aims to determine the most profitable business model of power systems, in terms of PV installed capacity, and energy storage capacity, and power system components. A comparative study has been done to compare the economic outcomes from different types of projects, with different scales and multiple configurations of large-scale solar PV combined with energy storage. The lowest values of LCOE are guaranteed with energy storage output to LSS output ratio, A = 5%. In this case, 30-MW projects have the cheapest electricity, equal to RM 0.2484/kWh. On the other hand, increasing the energy storage output to LSS output ratio, A to 60% results in the increase of LCOE, exceeding RM 0.47/kWh. On the economical side, with a difference of 0.06 kWh/m2/day for the analysis carried out in Pahang and Perak, the difference in net present worth is more than 7.5% of the net present cost. The difference between the two locations is comparatively higher for 50-MW projects. It is equal to RM 11.67 Million for A = 60%, while it is equal to RM 13.5 Million with A = 5%. Due to the energy prices in Malaysia, the projects that include large-scale solar only are more profitable technically and financially than those including large-scale solar and energy storage. It is found that adding storage to a large-scale solar project is more profitable technically and financially with greater large-scale solar capacities and smaller storage capacities. Nevertheless, with the current energy prices in Malaysia, projects that include only energy storage are not financially profitable. This study determined the parameters that affect the profitability of large-scale solar energy projects and energy storage projects, and the configurations that maximize financial profits. The findings of this study are useful for the future regulations that intend to enhance the deployment of large-scale solar PV and energy storage in Malaysia.

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马来西亚大型太阳能光伏储能系统设计：技术经济分析

大型太阳能是马来西亚能源结构中不可逆的趋势。由于太阳能发电高峰与需求高峰之间的不匹配，储能项目对于优化这种可再生资源的利用至关重要。尽管已经研究了这种过渡的技术和环境效益，但马来西亚尚未研究与大型太阳能光伏发电相结合的储能系统的盈利能力。该项目旨在确定就光伏装机容量，储能容量和电力系统组件而言，电力系统最有利可图的商业模式。进行了一项比较研究，比较了不同类型的项目，具有不同规模和大规模太阳能光伏与储能的多种配置的经济结果。能量存储输出与LSS的输出比率A = 5％，可确保最低的LCOE值。在这种情况下，30兆瓦项目的电价最便宜，等于0.2484令吉/千瓦时。另一方面，将储能输出与LSS的输出比率（A增加到60％）会导致LCOE的增加，超过RM 0.47 / kWh。在经济方面，在彭亨和霹雳州进行的分析相差0.06千瓦时/平方米/天，净现值的差额超过净现值的7.5％。对于50兆瓦的项目，两个位置之间的差异相对较大。当A = 60％时，等于1167万令吉，而当A = 5％时，则等于1350万令吉。由于马来西亚的能源价格，仅包括大型太阳能的项目在技术和财务上比包括大型太阳能和能源存储的项目更具利润。已经发现，随着大型太阳能容量和较小存储容量的增加，在大型太阳能项目中增加存储在技术上和财务上都更有利可图。然而，根据马来西亚目前的能源价格，仅包括储能的项目在财务上并不盈利。本研究确定了影响大型太阳能项目和储能项目盈利能力的参数，以及使财务利润最大化的配置。这项研究的结果对于未来旨在加强马来西亚大规模太阳能光伏发电和储能部署的法规很有用。已经发现，随着大型太阳能容量和较小存储容量的增加，在大型太阳能项目中增加存储在技术上和财务上都更有利可图。然而，根据马来西亚目前的能源价格，仅包括储能的项目在财务上并不盈利。本研究确定了影响大型太阳能项目和储能项目盈利能力的参数，以及使财务利润最大化的配置。这项研究的结果对于未来旨在加强马来西亚大规模太阳能光伏发电和储能部署的法规很有用。已经发现，随着大型太阳能容量和较小存储容量的增加，在大型太阳能项目中增加存储在技术上和财务上都更有利可图。然而，根据马来西亚目前的能源价格，仅包括储能的项目在财务上并不盈利。本研究确定了影响大型太阳能项目和储能项目盈利能力的参数，以及使财务利润最大化的配置。这项研究的结果对于未来旨在加强马来西亚大规模太阳能光伏发电和储能部署的法规很有用。根据马来西亚目前的能源价格，仅包含储能的项目在财务上没有盈利。本研究确定了影响大型太阳能项目和储能项目盈利能力的参数，以及使财务利润最大化的配置。这项研究的结果对于未来旨在加强马来西亚大规模太阳能光伏发电和储能部署的法规很有用。根据马来西亚目前的能源价格，仅包含储能的项目在财务上没有盈利。本研究确定了影响大型太阳能项目和储能项目盈利能力的参数，以及使财务利润最大化的配置。这项研究的结果对于未来旨在加强马来西亚大规模太阳能光伏发电和储能部署的法规很有用。