Many clinical procedures would benefit from direct and intuitive real-time visualization of anatomy, surgical plans, or other information crucial to the procedure. Three-dimensional augmented reality (3D-AR) is an emerging technology that has the potential to assist physicians with spatial reasoning during clinical interventions. The most intriguing applications of 3D-AR involve visualizations of anatomy or surgical plans that appear directly on the patient. However, commercially available 3D-AR devices have spatial localization errors that are too large for many clinical procedures. For this reason, a variety of approaches for improving 3D-AR registration accuracy have been explored. The focus of this review is on the methods, accuracy, and clinical applications of registering 3D-AR devices with the clinical environment. The works cited represent a variety of approaches for registering holograms to patients, including manual registration, computer vision-based registration, and registrations that incorporate external tracking systems. Evaluations of user accuracy when performing clinically relevant tasks suggest that accuracies of approximately 2 mm are feasible. 3D-AR device limitations due to the vergence-accommodation conflict or other factors attributable to the headset hardware add on the order of 1.5 mm of error compared to conventional guidance. Continued improvements to 3D-AR hardware will decrease these sources of error.

中文翻译：

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三维临床应用配准技术


许多临床手术将受益于解剖结构、手术计划或对手术至关重要的其他信息的直接直观的实时可视化。三维增强现实（3D-AR）是一项新兴技术，有潜力在临床干预期间协助医生进行空间推理。 3D-AR 最有趣的应用涉及直接出现在患者身上的解剖结构或手术计划的可视化。然而，商用 3D-AR 设备的空间定位误差对于许多临床手术来说太大。因此，人们探索了多种提高 3D-AR 配准精度的方法。本次综述的重点是在临床环境中注册 3D-AR 设备的方法、准确性和临床应用。引用的作品代表了向患者配准全息图的各种方法，包括手动配准、基于计算机视觉的配准以及结合外部跟踪系统的配准。在执行临床相关任务时对用户精度的评估表明，大约 2 毫米的精度是可行的。与传统引导相比，由于头显硬件的聚散调节冲突或其他因素造成的 3D-AR 设备限制增加了 1.5 毫米左右的误差。 3D-AR 硬件的持续改进将减少这些错误来源。