The nonequilibrium temperature in the kinetic theory of gases is reexamined and an alternative definition of the temperature in terms of the local equilibrium distribution function is proposed. The alternative definition introduces a new physical quantity, ‘exoenergy,’ which represents the nonequilibrium nature of thermodynamic systems. The internal energy equation is split into two equations, the temperature equation and the exoenergy equation. In order to rationalize the equation splitting, the nonequilibrium thermodynamics is considered introducing the nonequilibrium entropy phenomenologically. The proposed temperature equation resolves the overshooting anomaly of temperature profiles of the Monte Carlo data for one-dimensional normal shock waves. The exoenergy equation makes the theory self-consistent and gives the entropy production of shock waves in closed form. The theory gives a general form of the shock wave equation and the general relation of the bulk viscosity to the shear viscosity and the heat conductivity of dilute monatomic gases.

中文翻译：

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一维法向冲击波的非平衡温度，熵产生和体粘度

重新研究了气体动力学理论中的非平衡温度，并根据局部平衡分布函数提出了温度的另一种定义。替代定义引入了一个新的物理量“ exoenergy”，表示热力学系统的非平衡性质。内部能量方程式分为两个方程式，即温度方程式和外能方程式。为了合理化方程拆分，考虑了非平衡热力学现象学上引入非平衡熵。所提出的温度方程式解决了一维法向冲击波的蒙特卡洛数据的温度曲线的过冲异常。外能方程使理论自洽，并给出了封闭形式的冲击波的熵产生。该理论给出了冲击波方程的一般形式，以及体积粘度与剪切粘度和稀单原子气体的热导率的一般关系。