Melanophryniscus admirabilis (admirable red-belly toad) is a microendemic and critically endangered species found exclusively along 700 m of the Forqueta River, in a fragment of the Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil. One of the greatest concerns regarding the conservation of this species is the extensive use of pesticides in areas surrounding their natural habitat. In recent years, the adaptation and persistence of animal species in human-impacted environments have been associated with microbiota. Therefore, the present study aimed to characterize the oral bacterial community of wild M. admirabilis and to address the question of how this community might contribute to this toad’s adaptation in the anthropogenic environment as well as its general metabolic capabilities. A total of 11 oral samples collected from wild M. admirabilis were characterized and analyzed via high-throughput sequencing. Fragments of the 16S rRNA variable region 4 (V4) were amplified, and sequencing was conducted using an Ion Personal Genome Machine (PGM) System with 316 chips. A total of 181,350 sequences were obtained, resulting in 16 phyla, 34 classes, 39 orders, and 77 families. Proteobacteria dominated (53%) the oral microbiota of toads, followed by Firmicutes (18%), Bacteroidetes (17%), and Actinobacteria (5%). No significant differences in microbial community profile from among the samples were reported, which suggests that the low dietary diversity observed in this population may directly influence the bacterial composition. Inferences of microbiome function were performed using PICRUSt2 software. Important pathways (e.g., xenobiotic degradation pathways for pesticides and aromatic phenolic compounds) were detected, which suggests that the bacterial communities may serve important roles in M. admirabilis health and survival in the anthropogenic environment. Overall, our results have important implications for the conservation and management of this microendemic and critically endangered species.

中文翻译：

---

Adlamrabilis（令人钦佩的红腹蟾蜍）的口腔细菌群落：对保护的意义

Melanophryniscus admirabilis（令人敬佩的红腹蟾蜍）是一种微流行性和极度濒危物种，仅在巴西南部大西洋森林的一部分Forqueta河700 m处发现。关于该物种保护的最大关注之一是在其自然栖息地周围地区广泛使用农药。近年来，动物物种在人类影响的环境中的适应性和持久性与微生物群有关。因此，本研究旨在表征野生野生支原体的口腔细菌群落。并解决这个社区如何在人类环境中促进蟾蜍的适应及其一般代谢能力的问题。通过高通量测序对总共11种从野生Ad.rabirabilis收集的口腔样品进行了表征和分析。16S rRNA的片段扩增可变区4（V4），并使用带有316芯片的离子个人基因组机（PGM）系统进行测序。共获得181,350个序列，形成16个门，34个类，39个目和77个科。蟾蜍的口腔微生物群以细菌杆菌为主（53％），其次是硬毛菌（18％），拟杆菌（17％）和放线菌（5％）。样品之间的微生物群落特征没有显着差异的报道，这表明在该种群中观察到的低饮食多样性可能直接影响细菌组成。微生物组功能的推断是使用PICRUSt2软件进行的。发现了重要的途径（例如，农药和芳香族酚类化合物的异种降解途径），人为辅助环境中的M. admirabilis健康和生存。总体而言，我们的研究结果对该微流行病和极度濒危物种的保护和管理具有重要意义。