Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) establishes a latent viral reservoir soon after infection, which poses a major challenge for drug treatment and curative strategies. Many efforts are therefore focused on blocking infection. To this end, both viral and host factors relevant to the onset of infection need to be considered. Given that HIV-1 is most often transmitted mucosally, strategies designed to protect against infection need to be effective at mucosal portals of entry. These strategies need to contend also with cell-free and cell-associated transmitted/founder (T/F) virus forms; both can initiate and establish infection. This review will discuss how insight from the current model of HIV-1 mucosal transmission and cell entry has highlighted challenges in developing effective strategies to prevent infection. First, we examine key viral and host factors that play a role in transmission and infection. We then discuss preventive strategies based on antibody-mediated protection, with emphasis on targeting T/F viruses and mucosal immunity. Lastly, we review treatment strategies targeting viral entry, with focus on the most clinically advanced entry inhibitors.

中文翻译：

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HIV-1 进入和预防感染的前景

人类免疫缺陷病毒 1 型 (HIV-1) 在感染后不久就建立了潜伏的病毒库，这对药物治疗和治疗策略提出了重大挑战。因此，许多努力都集中在阻断感染上。为此，需要考虑与感染发作相关的病毒和宿主因素。鉴于 HIV-1 最常通过黏膜传播，旨在防止感染的策略需要在黏膜入口处有效。这些策略还需要应对无细胞和细胞相关的传播/创始 (T/F) 病毒形式；两者都可以引发和建立感染。本综述将讨论当前 HIV-1 黏膜传播和细胞进入模型的洞察力如何突出了制定有效预防感染策略的挑战。第一的，我们研究了在传播和感染中发挥作用的关键病毒和宿主因素。然后，我们讨论了基于抗体介导保护的预防策略，重点是针对 T/F 病毒和粘膜免疫。最后，我们回顾了针对病毒进入的治疗策略，重点关注临床上最先进的进入抑制剂。