A major challenge in human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine programs is the universal gender-neutral recommendation, as well as estimation of its long-term effect. The objective of this study is to predict the added benefit of male vaccination, especially in men who have sex with men (MSM), and to analyze the impact of the program on society. We propose a mathematical model of the HPV infection based on a network paradigm. Data from Spain allowed constructing the sexual network. HPV force of infection was taken from literature. Different scenarios using variable vaccine coverage in both males and females were studied. Strong herd immunity is shown in the heterosexual population, with an important decrease of HPV 6/11 infections both in men and in unvaccinated women with an only-women vaccination at 14 years of age. No impact of this program occurred in the infection incidence in MSM. This group would only benefit from a vaccination program that includes males. However, the impact at short term would be lower than in heterosexual men. The protection of MSM can only be achieved by direct vaccination of males. This may have important consequences for public health.

中文翻译：

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性别中立的HPV疫苗接种计划对与男性发生性关系的男性（MSM）的影响

人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）疫苗计划面临的主要挑战是普遍建议不分性别，并对其长期效果进行评估。这项研究的目的是预测男性接种疫苗的额外好处，尤其是在与男性发生性关系的男性中（MSM），并分析该计划对社会的影响。我们提出了基于网络范例的HPV感染的数学模型。来自西班牙的数据允许构建性网络。HPV感染力取自文献。研究了使用可变疫苗覆盖率的男性和女性的不同情况。在异性恋人群中显示出强大的牛群免疫力，在男性和未接种疫苗的女性中，只有14岁的女性进行过HPV 6/11感染的显着减少。该程序对MSM的感染发生率没有影响。该人群只能从包括男性在内的疫苗接种计划中受益。但是，短期影响将比异性恋男人低。MSM的保护只能通过男性的直接疫苗接种来实现。这可能对公共卫生产生重要影响。