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Ideality in Context: Motivations for Total Synthesis
Accounts of Chemical Research ( IF 16.4 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-21 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00821
David S Peters 1 , Cody Ross Pitts 1 , Kyle S McClymont 1 , Thomas P Stratton 1 , Cheng Bi 1 , Phil S Baran 1
Affiliation  

Total synthesis—the ultimate proving ground for the invention and field-testing of new methods, exploration of disruptive strategies, final structure confirmation, and empowerment of medicinal chemistry on natural products—is one of the oldest and most enduring subfields of organic chemistry. In the early days of this field, its sole emphasis focused on debunking the concept of vitalism, that living organisms could create forms of matter accessible only to them. Emphasis then turned to the use of synthesis to degrade and reconstitute natural products to establish structure and answer questions about biosynthesis. It then evolved to not only an intricate science but also a celebrated form of art. As the field progressed, a more orderly and logical approach emerged that served to standardize the process. These developments even opened up the possibility of computer-aided design using retrosynthetic analysis. Finally, the elevation of this field to even higher levels of sophistication showed that it was feasible to synthesize any natural product, regardless of complexity, in a laboratory. During this remarkable evolution, as has been reviewed elsewhere, many of the principles and methods of organic synthesis were refined and galvanized. In the modern era, students and practitioners are still magnetically attracted to this field due to the excitement of the journey, the exhilaration of creation, and the opportunity to invent solutions to challenges that still persist. Contemporary total synthesis is less concerned with demonstrating a proof of concept or a feasible approach but rather aims for increased efficiency, scalability, and even “ideality.” In general, the molecules of Nature are created biosynthetically with levels of practicality that are still unimaginable using the tools of modern synthesis. Thus, as the community strives to do more with less (i.e., innovation), total synthesis is now focused on a pursuit for simplicity rather than a competition for maximal complexity. In doing so, the practitioner must devise outside-the-box strategies supplemented with forgotten or newly invented methods to reduce step count and increase the overall economy of the approach. The downstream applications of this pursuit not only empower students who often go on to apply these skills in the private sector but also lead to new discoveries that can impact numerous disciplines of societal importance. This account traces some select case studies from our laboratory over the past five years that vividly demonstrate our own motivation for dedicating so much effort to this classic field. In aiming for simplicity, we focus on the elusive goal of achieving ideality, a term that, when taken in the proper context, can serve as a guiding light to point the way to furthering progress in organic synthesis.

中文翻译:

上下文中的理想性:全面综合的动机

全合成是新方法的发明和现场测试,破坏性策略的探索,最终结构的确认以及天然药物的化学授权的最终试验场,是有机化学领域最古老,最持久的子领域之一。在该领域的早期,它的唯一重点是揭穿生命主义的观念,即生命有机体可以创造出只有它们才能利用的物质形式。然后重点转向使用合成来降解和重构天然产物以建立结构并回答有关生物合成的问题。然后,它不仅发展为一门复杂的科学,而且还发展为一种著名的艺术形式。随着领域的发展,出现了一种更加有序和合乎逻辑的方法,该方法用于标准化流程。这些发展甚至为使用逆合成分析的计算机辅助设计提供了可能性。最后,将该领域提升到更高水平的复杂性表明,在实验室中合成任何天然产物都是可行的,而不管其复杂性如何。在这一非凡的发展过程中,正如其他地方所评论的那样,许多有机合成的原理和方法都得到了改进和镀锌。在现代时代,由于旅途的兴奋,创造的兴旺以及为仍然存在的挑战发明解决方案的机会,学生和实践者仍然被这个领域吸引。当代的全面综合较少涉及证明概念验证或可行方法,而旨在提高效率,可扩展性甚至是“理想性”。总的来说,自然界的分子是通过生物合成而具有实用水平的,而使用现代合成工具仍然难以想象。因此,随着社区努力以更少的钱做更多的事情(即创新),总的合成现在集中于追求简单性,而不是追求最大复杂性。在此过程中,从业者必须设计出一种开箱即用的策略,并辅之以被遗忘或新发明的方法,以减少步骤数并增加该方法的整体经济性。这种追求的下游应用不仅增强了经常在私营部门应用这些技能的学生的能力,而且还带来了新发现,这些新发现会影响许多具有社会重要性的学科。该说明追溯了过去五年来我们实验室的一些精选案例研究,生动地展示了我们致力于为这一经典领域投入大量精力的动机。为了简单起见,我们将重点放在实现理想的难以捉摸的目标上,该术语在适当的背景下可以作为指导有机合成进一步发展的指南。
更新日期:2021-02-02
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