This special issue is dedicated to Jean‐Marc Ducruet whose most relevant contributions to photosynthesis research have been the use of the thermoluminescence (TL) technique and the construction of many TL apparatus for a number of laboratories in different countries. Among the many devices that Jean Marc has built are those of the CEA Saclay in France, that of the University of Seville in Spain, and that of the Center of Agriculture of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences of Martonvásár in Hungary. Jean‐Marc Ducruet liked to propagate the TL method, to help especially young scientists, to travel and visit the laboratories of his friends and to construct for them TL devices.

TL in photosynthesis is a technique that is mainly used to study charge recombination reactions in photostystem II (PSII). Although this technique is used by a relatively small number of scientists, it has been shown to have several advantages compared to complex fluorescence decay kinetics since in TL, distinct bands with a characteristic maximum temperature can be easily assigned to the charge pair involved.

Oxygenic photosynthetic organisms emit a long‐lived red light during the dark period following an illumination (Amesz & van Gorkom, 1978; Strehler & Arnold, 1951). This light emission, termed as delayed light emission (DLE), is chlorophyll fluorescence originates from PSII, in which the recombination of previously light‐separated charge pairs leads, in part, to a radiative process (Amesz & van Gorkom, 1978). Charge pairs photochemically separated stabilizes on PSII by activation energy barriers that limit charge recombination. Charge recombination proceeds following different pathways, one of these leading to the recreation at a low yield of an exciton in the chlorophyll antenna, with a probability to deactivate as fluorescence (Rappaport et al., 2005).

The light‐generated charge pairs precursors of DLE can stabilize at low temperature, and the subsequent heating in the dark resulted in DLE, which in this case is generally referred to as TL or thermally stimulated delayed luminescence (Arnold & Sherwood, 1957; Tollin & Calvin, 1957). Decay phases of DLE can be better resolved using TL emission technique (Desai et al., 1983; Miranda & Ducruet, 1995a). This technique consists in recording luminescence emission during the warming of a sample after an irradiation given at a temperature sufficiently low to make negligibly small the recombination rate of the charge pairs under investigation (Ducruet, 2003; Ducruet & Vass, 2009; Inoue, 1996; Sane et al., 2012; Vass & Govindjee, 1996; Vass & Inoue, 1992).

TL technique allows identifying the different types of charge pairs as successive emission bands by a progressive warming. After a sequence of short flashes, a so‐called B‐band of TL, peaking around 25°C, is observed in both isolated photosynthetic membranes and intact systems. This emission is due to the recombination of S₂/S₃Q_B⁻ pairs (Demeter et al., 1982; Demeter & Vass, 1984; Inoue & Shibata, 1982; Rutherford et al., 1982; Rutherford et al., 1984). Treatment by a PSII‐inhibiting herbicide (diuron, atrazine), which blocks the Q_A to Q_B electron transfer, induces the appearance of a Q‐band peaking at about 5°C, due to the S₂Q_A⁻ recombination (Demeter et al., 1982; Demeter & Vass, 1984). A C‐band at about 55°C can also be detected in particular conditions. This TL band is due to D⁺Q_A⁻ recombination (Demeter et al., 1993; Desai et al., 1975; Johnson et al., 1994), D⁺ being the oxidized form of tyrosine D on the inactive branch of PSII.

Another luminescence emission is the so‐called afterglow (AG) band, which is usually observed in intact photosynthetic materials after far‐red (FR > 700 nm) irradiation (Bertsch & Azzi, 1965; García‐Calderón et al., 2019; Miranda & Ducruet, 1995b; Roncel et al., 2016; Roncel & Ortega, 2005). This emission was first observed as a delayed burst of luminescence superimposed over the exponential luminescence decay (corresponding to B‐band emission in TL) recorded at a constant temperature (Bertsch & Azzi, 1965). When revealed by TL, it corresponds to a sharp band peaking at about 45°C (Miranda & Ducruet, 1995b). AG emission results from a heat‐induced back‐flow of electrons from reductants present in the stroma to PSII centers initially in the non‐recombining state S_2/3Q_B (Havaux, 1996; Miranda & Ducruet, 1995b; Sundblad et al., 1988). This charge pair enables to emit AG luminescence as soon as a back‐electron transfer from stroma reduces Q_B.

In stressed photosynthetic organisms, strong TL bands can be observed above 60°C without prior illumination. These chemiluminescence high‐temperature (HTL) bands are unrelated to charge recombination reactions in PSII with the exception the luminescence emission is in the red, showing that chlorophyll molecules are responsible for it. HTL with a main emission at a maximum at 130°C have been described for algae and leaves submitted previously to oxidative stress. Ducruet published together with Vavilin in 1999 (Ducruet & Vavilin, 1999) that this band correlates well with the content of lipid peroxides. The 130°C HTL band can be used as an indicator of oxidative stress (Havaux & Niyogi, 1999) and has been described by Ducruet as an “ecophysiological indicator” (Ducruet, 2003). A potential application of this slow luminescence component is the imaging of oxidative stress in whole leaves with a highly sensitive CCD camera (Havaux et al., 2006).

All articles of this special issue used TL to study different photosynthetic systems from cyanobateria to higher plants. These articles demonstrate the potential of the TL method for such different scientific questions like characterization of photosynthetic electron transport in mutants and response to special physiological conditions in wild‐type plants. The review by Ortega and Roncel focusses on the AG‐band. Jean‐Marc Ducruet demonstrated the role of stromal reductants, chlororespiration and cyclic electron flow for the appearance of the AG‐band. The AG‐band is a long‐lived luminescence emitted from PSII. The occurrence and intensity of this band has been shown to depend on the reduction of the plastoquinone pool in the dark and therefore on the metabolic state of the chloroplast. This band is easiest to see after far‐red illumination, exciting preferentially PSI. AG emission corresponds to the fraction of PSII centers in the S_2/3Q_B non‐radiative state immediately after pre‐illumination, in which the arrival of an electron transferred from stroma along produces the S_2/3Q_B⁻ state that emits luminescence. The AG emission recorded by TL technique has been proposed as a simple tool to investigate the chloroplast energetic state and some of its related metabolism processes such as cyclic transport of electrons around PSI and chlororespiration. This review points out not only the basis for the AG emission but also its relevance for the study of certain metabolic pathways like CAM, photorespiration and abiotic and biotic stress responses.

An article demonstrates the existence of this AG‐band in cyanobacteria. This band had only been previously detected in algae and plants. Kodru and collaborators have characterized for the first time the AG‐band in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803 by optimizing the temperature for far‐red light illumination to the organism. This band is a useful indicator of the presence of cyclic electron flow, which is mediated by the NADH dehydrogenase‐like (NDH) complex in higher plants. Although NDH‐dependent cyclic electron flow occurs, the AG‐band has not been previously found in cyanobacteria. In the present study, the authors have been able to identify a TL component at 40°C, which could be observed when cells were grown under ambient air level CO₂, but was very small, or absent in high CO₂ (3%) grown cells, and in the M55 mutant, which is deficient in the NDH‐1 complex. These experimental observations match the characteristics of the AG‐band of higher plants. Therefore, the use of the TL technique has allowed the authors to conclude that the newly identified TL component at 40°C in Synechocystis PCC 6803 is the cyanobacterial counterpart of the plant AG band, and originates from NDH‐1‐mediated cyclic electron flow.

TL has proven to be a useful method for testing PSII activity in intact photosynthetic systems. One of the tools used to study the structure–function relationship of PSII has been the construction of algae and cyanobacteria mutants. TL is especially suitable for characterizing PSII function in such mutants, since it can be applied to intact cells without the need for isolation methods. In the paper by Sugiura and colleagues, TL has been used to study the PsbA3/R323E site‐directed mutant and investigate whether the R323 amino acid of the D1 protein could contribute to regulating a proton exit pathway from the Mn₄CaO₅ and TyrZ group through a proton channel identified from the 3D structure. To test this suggestion, the properties of PSII from this mutant have been compared to those of PsbA3‐PSII using EPR, spectroscopy, polarography, TL, and time‐resolved UV–visible absorption spectroscopy. TL measurements have revealed that the S₂Q_A⁻/DCMU and S₃Q_A⁻/DCMU radiative charge recombination occurred at higher temperatures, which has led to the conclusion, along with other results, that the R323 residue of the D1 protein interacts with TyrZ likely via the H‐bond network previously proposed to be a proton channel. This article shows that the TL is a useful tool to characterize mutants in cyanobacteria.

Castell and coworkers investigated the effect of expression of a functional green alga plastocyanin in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Under iron‐deficient conditions, they observed an increased growth and a higher maximum quantum yield of both PSII and PSI, showing the functionality of the heterologous plastocyanin. TL experiments revealed in both, wild type and in the mutant expressing plastocyanin the usual B1‐ and B2‐band (S₂Q_B⁻ and S₃Q_B⁻ recombination) at the same temperature. Under Fe‐deprivation, the loss in the TL intensity was much larger in the wild type. HTL was used to follow differences in lipid peroxidation in the two strains. In wild type a TL broad band with an emission maximum between 130–140°C was observed indicative for lipid peroxidation products. This band was significantly lower in the plastocyanin‐expressing strains. This publication shows that TL is a useful tool to characterize mutants in diatoms in respect to PSII energetics and lipid peroxidation status.

Podmaniczki and coworkers investigated the function of ascorbate on the integrity of the oxygen‐evolving complex of PSII (OEC) in Arabidopsis thaliana plants treated by prolonged darkness. They used wild type and mutant lines that lack the PsbO1 and PsbR OEC subunits or the key enzyme in the pathway for ascorbate biosynthesis, GDP‐L‐galactose phosphorylase (vtc2‐4 mutant). The TL B‐band was used as a tool to follow inactivation of the OEC. The authors found that the inactivation of OEC due to prolonged darkness was attenuated in the ascorbate deficient vtc2‐4 mutant, and suggested that ascorbate may actually over‐reduce the Mn‐cluster in vivo. The severe photosynthetic phenotype of psbO1 knockout mutant was further aggravated upon the prolonged dark treatment. The double psbO1 vtc2 mutant showed a slightly milder photosynthetic phenotype than the single psbO1 mutant did. These results suggested that in the absence of the PsbO1 protein, the Mn‐cluster becomes accessible to ascorbate; thereby it can exert a reducing effect resulting in the inactivation of OEC. In conclusion, the authors proposed that upon prolonged darkness, the binding of the extrinsic OEC proteins might be weakened; thereby ascorbate gains access to the Mn‐cluster and induces its inactivation by overreduction. They also suggested that PsbO1 and possibly PsbR have a role in vivo in protecting the OEC by hindering the access of ascorbate to Mn‐cluster.

The PSII is a sensitive site of the photosynthetic apparatus, which is affected by different environmental factors. This has made TL a powerful tool to study the effects produced in PSII by different stress conditions. Janda and colleagues investigated the acclimation response of photosynthetic processes and metabolite concentrations to elevated temperatures in winter and spring varieties of barley, wheat, and oat. Heat acclimation increased the thermotolerance of the photosynthetic apparatus in all varieties with no significant difference between the winter and the spring varieties. According to their data, heat priming itself does not require general induction of primary metabolites but that the induction of specific routes, for example, the synthesis of galactinol, may contribute the improved heat tolerance in barley and oat leaves. TL measurements did not reveal a significant difference induced by heat acclimation between the cereals used in this study.

Doneva and coworkers investigated the effects of osmotic stress in two wheat varieties with different levels of drought tolerance: the drought‐tolerant Katya and drought‐sensitive Zora cultivars. They observed that Katya variety exhibited higher constitutive levels of the signaling molecules putrescine and salicylic acid. The tolerance of Katya variety under osmotic stress conditions was characterized by higher photosynthetic ability, stable charge separation in PSII, higher proline accumulation and antioxidant activity. TL technique also revealed significant differences between the two varieties under osmotic stress conditions. In Katya variety, the B‐band remained almost unchanged, while a decrease of B‐band intensity accompanied by 3°C temperature downshift was found in the drought‐sensitive Zora, as well as an increase in AG‐band, and a new stress‐induced C band appeared. The authors propose that the increase of the AG‐band intensity can be explained by a higher capacity for cyclic electron pathways and by assimilatory potential accumulation in chloroplasts in conditions of lack of CO₂ due to stomatal limitations. The authors also characterized the effect of pre‐treatment with the polyamine putrescine on osmotic stress response in the two wheat varieties. They observed a significant increase in photosynthetic activity, stomatal conductance, and transpiration, which was more pronounced in the tolerant Katya variety. Putrescine pre‐treatment also increased the activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and ascorbate peroxidase to a higher level in Katya variety. However, a significant increase in putrescines level was only observed in the leaves of Zora variety. Taking into account these results, the authors finally discussed the possibility to use putrescine pre‐treatment as a promising and beneficial agricultural practice to increase stress resistance of crops.

In the article by Leverne and Krieger‐Liszkay, the TL technique has been used to characterize the effect of drought on the intensity and maximum temperature of the AG‐ and B‐ bands. Under moderate drought conditions, an increase of the TL AG‐band and a downshift of the maximum temperatures of both, the B‐band and the AG‐band, were observed when leaves were illuminated under conditions that maintained the proton gradient. When leaves were frozen prior to the TL measurements, the maximum temperature of the B‐band was upshifted in drought‐stressed leaves, indicating a stabilization of the Q_B/Q_B^•− redox couple in accordance with the slower fluorescence decay kinetics. These results have allowed the authors to propose that during drought stress, photorespiration exerts a feedback control on PSII. It is proposed that this control is carried out by the binding of a photorespiratory metabolite glycolate at the non‐heme iron at the acceptor side of PSII, affecting not only the midpoint potential of the Q_A/Q_A^•− couple but also that of the Q_B/Q_B^•− couple.

The work by Rac and coworkers promotes the understanding of the mechanism of lipid peroxidation in leaves, a primary event associated with oxidative stress in plants. This study characterized the reactive carbonyl species (RCS) secondarily generated by lipid peroxidation in Arabidopsis plants exposed to photo‐oxidative stress conditions. The authors also investigated the effects of exogenous applications of RCS by autoluminescence‐imaging techniques. They used three different genotypes: the wild type, the scl14 knockout mutant and scl14 overexpressing transgenic line (OE:SCL14). Scarecrow‐like 14 (SCL14) transcription regulator is part of TGAII/SCL14 complex that governs the expression of several detoxifying enzymes in cells, as alkenal reductase (AER), which target RCS. The authors identified that some of RCS, especially 4‐hydroxynonenal (HNE), and to a lesser extent 4‐hydroxyhexenal (HHE), as highly reactive compounds that are harmful to leaves and can trigger AER gene expression, contrary to other RCS (pentenal, hexenal) and to isoprostanoids. They showed that exogenously applied HNE was similarly damaging to the scl14 mutant, its wild‐type parent and the OE:SCL14 transgenic line. However, strongly boosting the SCL14 detoxification pathway and AER expression by a pre‐treatment of OE:SCL14 with the signaling apocarotenoid β‐cyclocitral (βCC) canceled the damaging effects of HNE. β‐CC is produced under stress conditions by oxidation of β‐carotene by singlet oxygen in the PSII reaction centers, and can trigger the detoxification mechanism controlled by TGAII/SCL14 complex. These results indicate that the cellular detoxification pathway induced by the low‐toxicity β‐cyclocitral targets highly toxic compounds produced during lipid peroxidation. This study has also illustrated the usefulness of autoluminescence imaging to monitor RCS induced oxidative degradation of leaf tissues even when visual symptoms and leaf necroses are hardly visible.

该特刊专门针对让·马克·杜克鲁特（Jean‐Marc Ducruet），他对光合作用的研究最重要的贡献是使用热致发光（TL）技术以及为不同国家的许多实验室建造了许多TL设备。让·马克（Jean Marc）制造的众多设备包括法国的CEA Saclay设备，西班牙的塞维利亚大学设备以及匈牙利的马顿瓦萨尔（Martonvásár）匈牙利科学院农业中心。让·马克·杜克鲁特（Jean‐Marc Ducruet）喜欢传播TL方法，以帮助特别是年轻的科学家，旅行和参观他朋友的实验室，并为他们建造TL设备。

光合作用中的TL是一种主要用于研究光系统II（PSII）中电荷重组反应的技术。尽管此技术仅由相对较少的科学家使用，但与复杂的荧光衰减动力学相比，它已显示出许多优点，因为在TL中，可以轻松地将具有特征性最高温度的不同谱带分配给所涉及的电荷对。

有氧的光合生物在光照后的黑暗时期发出长寿命的红光（Amesz＆van Gorkom，1978； Strehler＆Arnold，1951）。这种发光称为延迟发光（DLE），是叶绿素荧光源于PSII，其中先前光分离的电荷对的重组在某种程度上导致了辐射过程（Amesz＆van Gorkom，1978）。光化学上分离的电荷对通过限制电荷重组的活化能垒在PSII上稳定。电荷的重组遵循不同的途径，其中之一导致叶绿素天线中激子的收率低，从而重新产生活力，并有可能因荧光而失活（Rappaport等，2005）。

DLE的光生电荷对前体可以在低温下稳定，随后在黑暗中加热会产生DLE，在这种情况下通常称为TL或热激发延迟发光（Arnold＆Sherwood，1957 ; Tollin＆卡尔文（1957）。使用TL发射技术可以更好地解决DLE的衰变阶段（Desai等，1983； Miranda＆Ducruet，1995a）。该技术在于在足够低的温度下辐照后记录样品升温过程中的发光发射，以使被研究的电荷对的复合速率可忽略不计（Ducruet，2003； Ducruet＆Vass，2009； Inoue，1996 ; Sane等，2012；瓦斯（Vass＆Govindjee），1996；Vass＆Inoue，1992）。

TL技术允许通过逐步升温将不同类型的电荷对识别为连续的发射带。经过一系列短暂的闪烁后，在孤立的光合膜和完整的系统中都观察到了所谓的TL B带，其峰值在25°C附近。该发射是由于S的重组₂ / S ₃ Q_乙^-双（Demeter的等人，1982 ;德米特＆Vass的，1984年;井上＆柴田，1982。; Rutherford等人，1982。; Rutherford等人，1984年）。用抑制PSII的除草剂（地隆，at去津）处理，从而阻止Q _A至Q _B电子转移，诱导Q带峰化的外观在约5℃时，由于在S ₂ Q_甲^-重组（Demeter的等人，1982 ;德米特＆Vass的，1984年）。在特定条件下，也可以检测到大约55°C的交流频段。这TL带是由于d ⁺ Q_甲^-重组（Demeter的等人，1993 ; Desai等人，1975 ; Johnson等人，1994年），d ⁺为酪氨酸d对PSII的无源分支氧化形式。

另一个发光是所谓的余辉（AG）带，通常在远红外（FR > 700 nm）照射后在完整的光合材料中观察到（Bertsch＆Azzi，1965 ;García-Calderónet al。，2019 ; Miranda ＆Ducruet ，1995b ; Roncel等，2016 ; Roncel＆Ortega，2005）。首次观察到这种发射是在恒定温度下记录的延迟发光猝发叠加在指数发光衰减（对应于TL中的B带发射）上（Bertsch＆Azzi，1965）。当TL揭示时，它对应于在约45°C达到峰值的尖峰带（Miranda＆Ducruet，1995b）。AG发射是由电子引起的，其是由基质中存在的还原剂将电子从热回流到PSII中心，最初是在非重组状态S _2/3 Q _B（Havaux，1996 ; Miranda＆Ducruet ，1995b ; Sundblad等。 ，1988年）。一旦来自基质的反向电子转移降低了Q _B，该电荷对就能够发出AG发光。

在紧张的光合生物中，无需事先照明，在60°C以上可以观察到强TL带。这些化学发光高温（HTL）谱带与PSII中的电荷重组反应无关，除了发光发射呈红色，这表明叶绿素分子是造成这种现象的原因。已经描述了HTL，其主要排放物在130°C时最高，这是针对先前遭受氧化胁迫的藻类和叶片。Ducruet与Vavilin于1999年一起发表（Ducruet＆Vavilin，1999年），该谱带与脂质过氧化物的含量密切相关。130°C HTL带可以用作氧化应激的指标（Havaux和Niyogi，1999年），Ducruet已将其描述为“生态生理指标”（Ducruet，2003）。这种缓慢的发光成分的潜在应用是使用高灵敏度的CCD相机对全叶中的氧化应激进行成像（Havaux等，2006）。

本期特刊的所有文章均使用TL研究了从蓝藻到高等植物的不同光合系统。这些文章展示了TL方法在不同科学问题上的潜力，例如突变体中光合电子传递的表征以及对野生型植物中特殊生理条件的响应。Ortega和Roncel的评论专注于AG波段。让·马克·杜克鲁特（Jean‐Marc Ducruet）证明了基质还原剂，氯呼吸作用和循环电子流在AG波段出现中的作用。AG波段是PSII发出的长寿命发光。已显示该条带的出现和强度取决于在黑暗中质体醌库的减少，并因此取决于叶绿体的代谢状态。在远红外照明后，该频段最容易看到，尤其是PSI。AG发射对应于PSII中心在S分数_2/3 Q_乙非辐射状态之后立即预照明，其中从基质转移的电子的到达沿产生在S _2/3 Q_乙^-发光的状态。已经提出了通过TL技术记录的AG排放作为研究叶绿体能量状态及其一些相关代谢过程的简单工具，例如PSI周围电子的循环转运和氯呼吸。该评论不仅指出了AG排放的基础，而且还指出了其与某些代谢途径（如CAM，光呼吸以及非生物和生物应激反应）的研究的相关性。

一篇文章证明了这种蓝带在蓝细菌中的存在。该带以前仅在藻类和植物中被检测到。Kodru和合作者已经表征首次在蓝藻的AG-带集胞藻通过优化远红光照明的生物体温度6803。该条带是循环电子流存在的有用指示，它是由高等植物中的NADH脱氢酶样（NDH）复合物介导的。尽管会出现NDH依赖的循环电子流，但蓝细菌以前从未发现过AG带。在本研究中，作者已经能够识别40°C的TL成分，当细胞在环境空气水平CO ₂下生长时可以观察到，但很小，或在高CO ₂（3％）生长的细胞和M55突变体中缺失，而M55突变体缺乏NDH-1复合物。这些实验观察结果符合高等植物AG带的特征。因此，使用TL技术可以使作者得出结论，即新发现的突触藻PCC 6803中40°C的TL成分是植物AG带的蓝细菌对应物，并且源自NDH-1介导的循环电子流。

TL已被证明是测试完整光合作用系统中PSII活性的有用方法。用于研究PSII的结构与功能关系的工具之一是构建藻类和蓝细菌突变体。TL特别适用于表征此类突变体中的PSII功能，因为它可以应用于完整细胞而无需分离方法。在Sugiura及其同事的论文中，TL已用于研究PsbA3 / R323E定点突变体，并研究D1蛋白的R323氨基酸是否有助于调节Mn ₄ CaO ₅的质子出口途径。TyrZ和TyrZ通过质子通道从3D结构中识别出来。为了验证该建议，使用EPR，光谱，极谱，TL和时间分辨紫外可见吸收光谱，将该突变体的PSII与PsbA3-PSII的性质进行了比较。TL测量已经显示，在S ₂ Q_甲^- / DCMU和S ₃ Q_甲^- / DCMU辐射电荷重组发生在较高的温度，这导致这样的结论，与其它结果一起，即D1蛋白质相互作用的R323残基TyrZ可能通过以前建议的氢键网络成为质子通道。本文显示，TL是表征蓝细菌突变体的有用工具。

Castell和他的同事研究了在硅藻三角藻（Phaeodactylum tricornutum）中功能性绿藻藻蓝蛋白表达的影响。在铁缺乏的条件下，他们观察到PSII和PSI的生长增加且最大量子产率更高，显示出异源质体花青素的功能。TL的实验揭示两者，野生型和突变体的表达质体蓝素通常B1-和B2频带（S ₂ Q_乙^-和S ₃ Q_乙^-重组）在相同温度下进行。在Fe剥夺条件下，野生型TL强度的损失要大得多。使用HTL追踪两种菌株中脂质过氧化的差异。在野生型中，观察到最大发射强度在130-140°C之间的TL宽带，表明脂质过氧化产物。在表达质体蓝蛋白的菌株中该条带明显较低。该出版物表明，TL是表征PSII能量学和脂质过氧化状态的硅藻突变体的有用工具。

Podmaniczki及其同事研究了抗坏血酸对拟南芥PSII（OEC）析氧复合物完整性的作用经过长时间黑暗处理的植物。他们使用了缺乏PsbO1和PsbR OEC亚基或抗坏血酸生物合成途径中的关键酶GDP-L-半乳糖磷酸化酶（vtc2-4突变体）的野生型和突变株。TL B波段用作跟踪OEC灭活的工具。作者发现，延长的黑暗使OEC的失活在抗坏血酸缺乏的vtc2-4突变体中得到了缓解，并建议在体内抗坏血酸可能实际上降低了Mn簇。长时间的黑暗处理进一步加剧了psbO1敲除突变体的严重光合作用表型。双重psbO1 vtc2突变体显示出比单一psbO1突变体稍轻的光合表型。这些结果表明，在缺乏PsbO1蛋白的情况下，抗坏血酸变得容易进入Mn簇。因此，它可以发挥降低作用，导致OEC失活。总之，作者提出，在长时间的黑暗中，外源OEC蛋白的结合可能会减弱。因此，抗坏血酸可进入锰簇，并通过过度还原而使其失活。他们还认为，PsbO1以及可能的PsbR在体内通过阻止抗坏血酸盐进入Mn簇而在保护OEC中发挥作用。

PSII是光合作用设备的敏感部位，受不同环境因素的影响。这使得TL成为研究PSII在不同压力条件下产生的效应的强大工具。詹达和同事研究了大麦，小麦和燕麦冬季和春季品种的光合作用和代谢产物浓度对高温升高的适应反应。热适应提高了所有品种中光合设备的耐热性，而冬季和春季品种之间没有显着差异。根据他们的数据，热引发本身并不需要一般诱导初级代谢产物，而是特定途径的诱导（例如半乳糖醇的合成）可能有助于改善大麦和燕麦叶片的耐热性。TL测定没有显示本研究中使用的谷物之间因热适应引起的显着差异。

多内娃和同事研究了两种不同耐旱水平小麦品种的渗透胁迫的影响：耐旱的Katya和对干旱敏感的Zora品种。他们观察到，Katya品种对腐胺和水杨酸的信号传导分子的构成水平较高。Katya品种在渗透胁迫条件下的耐性具有较高的光合作用能力，PSII中稳定的电荷分离，较高的脯氨酸积累和抗氧化活性。TL技术还揭示了在渗透胁迫条件下两个品种之间的显着差异。在Katya品种中，B波段几乎保持不变，而干旱敏感的Zora的B波段强度下降并伴随着3°C的温度下降，而AG波段则升高，并且出现了一个新的应力诱发的C带 作者提出，AG带强度的增加可以用循环电子途径的更高容量和在缺乏CO的情况下叶绿体中的同化电位积累来解释。₂由于气孔限制。作者还描述了用多胺腐胺预处理对两个小麦品种的渗透胁迫响应的影响。他们观察到光合作用，气孔导度和蒸腾作用显着增加，在耐性Katya品种中更为明显。腐胺预处理还可以提高Katya品种中抗氧化酶过氧化氢酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶的活性。然而，仅在Zora品种的叶子中观察到腐胺水平的显着增加。考虑到这些结果，作者最后讨论了使用腐胺预处理作为增加作物抗逆性的有前途和有益的农业实践的可能性。

在Leverne和Krieger-Liszkay的文章中，使用TL技术来表征干旱对AG和B波段强度和最高温度的影响。在中等干旱条件下，当在保持质子梯度的条件下照射叶子时，观察到TL AG波段增加，B波段和AG波段的最高温度下降。当在TL测定之前将叶片冷冻时，干旱胁迫下叶片的B波段最高温度升高，表明Q _B / Q _B ^•-稳定氧化还原对按照较慢的荧光衰减动力学。这些结果使作者提出，在干旱胁迫下，光呼吸对PSII施加反馈控制。建议通过在PSII受体一侧的非血红素铁上结合光呼吸代谢产物乙醇酸酯来进行这种控制，不仅影响Q _A / Q _A ^•-偶对的中点电势，而且影响Q _B / Q _B ^•−对。

Rac和他的同事们的工作促进了人们对叶片脂质过氧化机理的理解，这是与植物氧化应激相关的主要事件。这项研究的特点是在暴露于光氧化胁迫条件下的拟南芥植物中脂质过氧化作用二次产生的反应性羰基物质（RCS）。作者还通过自发光成像技术研究了RCS的外源应用的影响。他们使用了三种不同的基因型：野生型，scl14基因敲除突变体和scl14过表达转基因品系（OE：SCL14）。稻草人样14（SCL14）转录调节剂是TGAII / SCL14复合物的一部分，该复合物控制细胞中几种排毒酶的表达，如针对RCS的烯醛还原酶（AER）。作者发现，某些RCS，特别是4-羟基壬烯醛（HNE），以及程度较小的4-羟基己烯醛（HHE），是高活性化合物，与其他RCS相反，它们对叶片有害并可以触发AER基因表达（戊烯醛） ，heexenal）和异前列腺素。他们表明，外源应用的HNE对scl14同样具有破坏性突变体，其野生型亲本和OE：SCL14转基因品系。但是，通过用信号性类胡萝卜素β-环柠檬醛（βCC）预处理OE：SCL14，可以大大增强SCL14的解毒途径和AER表达，从而抵消了HNE的破坏作用。β-CC是在压力条件下通过PSII反应中心中的单线态氧将β-胡萝卜素氧化而产生的，可触发TGAII / SCL14复合物控制的解毒机理。这些结果表明，低毒性β-环柠檬醛诱导的细胞排毒途径靶向脂质过氧化过程中产生的高毒性化合物。这项研究还说明了即使在视觉症状和叶片坏死几乎不可见的情况下，自发光成像也可用于监测RCS诱导的叶片组织的氧化降解。