Cropping practices have a great potential to improve soil quality through changes in soil biota. Yet the effects of these soil-improving cropping systems on soil fungal communities are not well known. Here, we analysed soil fungal communities using standardized measurements in 12 long-term experiments and 20 agricultural treatments across Europe. We were interested in whether the same practices (i.e., tillage, fertilization, organic amendments and cover crops) applied across different sites have predictable and repeatable effects on soil fungal communities and guilds. The fungal communities were very variable across sites located in different soil types and climatic regions. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were the fungal guild with most unique species in individual sites, whereas plant pathogenic fungi were most shared between the sites. The fungal communities responded to the cropping practices differently in different sites and only fertilization showed a consistent effect on AMF and plant pathogenic fungi, whereas the responses to tillage, cover crops and organic amendments were site, soil and crop-species specific. We further show that the crop yield is negatively affected by cropping practices aimed at improving soil health. Yet, we show that these practices have the potential to change the fungal communities and that change in plant pathogenic fungi and in AMF is linked to the yield. We further link the soil fungal community and guilds to soil abiotic characteristics and reveal that especially Mn, K, Mg and pH affect the composition of fungi across sites. In summary, we show that fungal communities vary considerably between sites and that there are no clear directional responses in fungi or fungal guilds across sites to soil-improving cropping systems, but that the responses vary based on soil abiotic conditions, crop type and climatic conditions.

中文翻译：

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在 12 个欧洲长期实验中，农业实践对土壤真菌群落的影响不一致

种植实践具有通过改变土壤生物群来改善土壤质量的巨大潜力。然而，这些土壤改良种植系统对土壤真菌群落的影响尚不清楚。在这里，我们在欧洲的 12 个长期实验和 20 个农业处理中使用标准化测量分析了土壤真菌群落。我们感兴趣的是在不同地点应用的相同做法（即耕作、施肥、有机改良剂和覆盖作物）是否对土壤真菌群落和群落具有可预测和可重复的影响。位于不同土壤类型和气候区域的不同地点的真菌群落差异很大。丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）是单个站点中具有最多独特物种的真菌群，而植物病原真菌在站点之间共享最多。真菌群落对不同地点的种植实践的反应不同，只有施肥对 AMF 和植物病原真菌显示出一致的影响，而对耕作、覆盖作物和有机改良剂的反应则是特定于地点、土壤和作物物种的。我们进一步表明，旨在改善土壤健康的种植做法会对作物产量产生负面影响。然而，我们表明这些做法有可能改变真菌群落，植物病原真菌和 AMF 的变化与产量有关。我们进一步将土壤真菌群落和行会与土壤非生物特征联系起来，并揭示特别是 Mn、K、Mg 和 pH 值会影响不同地点的真菌组成。总之，