Groundwater is the main source for drinking in Egypt, especially in rural communities; however, water quality of shallow aquifers is more susceptible to human activities. The current work aimed at evaluating groundwater quality for drinking and associated health risks in an area of the Nile Delta (30° 14${}^{″}$ 47${}^{″}$ to 30° 17′ 51${}^{″}$ N and 31° 17′ 38${}^{″}$ to 31° 20′12${}^{″}$ E) in response to irrigation water quality. Thirty groundwater samples were collected from three irrigated sites (ten samples from each site); the Nile freshwater (NFW), the agricultural drainage water (ADW), and mixed wastewater (MWW) irrigated sites. Overall, ranges of pH, Ca^2＋, Mg${}^{2+}$, F${}^{-}$, NO${}_3^{-}$, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn were within the permissible levels according to Egypt and WHO drinking water standards, while the count of total and fecal coliform bacteria exceeded safety limits. The water quality index indicated that samples from the NFW-, ADW- and MWW-irrigated sites had moderate to good, low, and low to moderate qualities, respectively. On average, the hazard index (HI) indicated no potential non-cancer risk for adults (HI < 1.0) in the three sampling sites, while children in the MWW-irrigated sites would suffer adverse health risks (HI > 1.0). The mean total cancer risk (TCR) was in the acceptable range (1.0 $\times$ 10⁻⁶ to 1.0 $\times$ 10⁻⁴) for adults in two sites (the NFW- and ADW-irrigated sites), while adults in the MWW-irrigated sites and children in all sampling sites would suffer cancer risks over the lifetime (TCR > 1.0 $\times$ 10⁻⁴). The potential cancer risk would be mainly due to Ni exposure via the oral route, and thus further management studies should be considered to mitigate the adverse effects. This study would provide a useful database for decision and policymakers for protecting shallow groundwater quality and reduce potential human health risks.

在埃及，特别是在农村社区，地下水是主要的饮用水来源；但是，浅层含水层的水质更容易受到人类活动的影响。当前的工作旨在评估尼罗河三角洲（30°14${}^{\text{'}\text{'}}$ 47${}^{\text{'}\text{'}}$ 至30°17′51${}^{\text{'}\text{'}}$ N和31°17′38${}^{\text{'}\text{'}}$ 至31°20′12${}^{\text{'}\text{'}}$E）响应灌溉水质。从三个灌溉点采集了30个地下水样品（每个位置采集了10个样品）。尼罗河淡水（NFW），农业排水（ADW）和混合废水（MWW）灌溉点。总体而言，pH范围，Ca 2 ^＋，Mg${}^{\mathrm{2个}+}$， F${}^{-}$， 不${}_3^{-}$，铜，锰，镍和锌的含量均处于埃及和世界卫生组织饮用水标准规定的允许水平内，而大肠菌和粪便大肠菌的总数均超过了安全限值。水质指数表明，来自NFW，ADW和MWW灌溉地点的样品分别具有中度至良好，低度和低度至中度的质量。平均而言，危害指数（HI）表示在三个采样地点中成年人没有潜在的非癌风险（HI <1.0），而MWW灌溉地点的儿童会遭受不利的健康风险（HI> 1.0）。平均总癌症风险（TCR）在可接受范围内（1.0$\times$10 ^-6至1.0$\times$10 ^-4）在两个地点（NFW和ADW灌溉地点）的成年人，而MWW灌溉地点的成年人和所有采样地点的儿童终生都将罹患癌症（TCR> 1.0$\times$10 ^-4）。潜在的癌症风险将主要是由于通过口服途径暴露于镍，因此应考虑进行进一步的管理研究以减轻不良影响。这项研究将为决策者和决策者提供有用的数据库，以保护浅层地下水水质并减少潜在的人类健康风险。