Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment of Pediatric Infections Attributable to Ingestion of Fecally Contaminated Domestic Soils in Low-Income Urban Maputo, Mozambique,Environmental Science & Technology

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Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment of Pediatric Infections Attributable to Ingestion of Fecally Contaminated Domestic Soils in Low-Income Urban Maputo, Mozambique
Environmental Science & Technology ( IF 10.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-20 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06972
Drew Capone _{1,

2} , Aaron Bivins ₃ , Jackie Knee ₄ , Oliver Cumming ₄ , Rassul Nalá ₅ , Joe Brown _{1,

2}

Affiliation

Rigorous studies of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) suggest that children are exposed to enteric pathogens via multiple interacting pathways, including soil ingestion. In 30 compounds (household clusters) in low-income urban Maputo, Mozambique, we cultured Escherichia coli and quantified gene targets from soils (E. coli: ybbW, Shigella/enteroinvasiveE. coli (EIEC): ipaH, Giardia duodenalis: β-giardin) using droplet digital PCR at three compound locations (latrine entrance, solid waste area, dishwashing area). We found that 88% of samples were positive for culturable E. coli (mean = 3.2 log₁₀ CFUs per gram of dry soil), 100% for molecular E. coli (mean = 5.9 log₁₀ gene copies per gram of dry soil), 44% for ipaH (mean = 2.5 log₁₀), and 41% for β-giardin (mean = 2.1 log₁₀). Performing stochastic quantitative microbial risk assessment using soil ingestion parameters from an LMIC setting for children 12–23 months old, we estimated that the median annual infection risk by G. duodenalis was 7100-fold (71% annual infection risk) and by Shigella/EIEC was 4000-fold (40% annual infection risk) greater than the EPA’s standard for drinking water. Compounds in Maputo, and similar settings, require contact and source control strategies to reduce the ingestion of contaminated soil and achieve acceptable levels of risk.

中文翻译：

莫桑比克低收入城市马普托因摄入受粪便污染的家庭土壤引起的儿科感染的定量微生物风险评估

对低收入和中等收入国家 (LMIC) 的水、环境卫生和个人卫生干预措施的严格研究表明，儿童通过多种相互作用的途径（包括土壤摄入）接触肠道病原体。在莫桑比克低收入城市马普托的 30 个化合物（家庭集群）中，我们培养了大肠杆菌并量化了土壤中的基因靶标（大肠杆菌： ybbW 、志贺氏菌/肠侵袭性大肠杆菌(EIEC)： ipaH 、十二指肠贾第虫： β- giardin ）在三个复合位置（厕所入口、固体废物区域、洗碗区域）使用液滴数字 PCR。我们发现 88% 的样品对可培养大肠杆菌呈阳性（平均值 = 每克干土 3.2 log ₁₀ CFU），100% 对分子大肠杆菌呈阳性（平均值 = 每克干土 5.9 log ₁₀基因拷贝）， ipaH为 44%（平均值 = 2.5 log ₁₀ ）， β-贾第素为 41%（平均值 = 2.1 log ₁₀ ）。使用来自 LMIC 环境的 12-23 个月大儿童的土壤摄入参数进行随机定量微生物风险评估，我们估计十二指肠球菌的年感染风险中位数是志贺氏菌/EIEC 的 7100 倍（年感染风险 71%）比 EPA 饮用水标准高 4000 倍（每年感染风险 40%）。马普托和类似环境中的化合物需要接触和源头控制策略，以减少污染土壤的摄入并达到可接受的风险水平。

更新日期：2021-02-02

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