Although time is one of our most intuitive physical concepts, its understanding at the fundamental level is still an open question in physics. For instance, time in quantum mechanics and general relativity are two distinct and incompatible entities. While relativity deals with events (points in spacetime), with time being observer dependent and dynamical, quantum mechanics describes physical systems by treating time as an independent parameter. To resolve this conflict, in this work, we extend the classical concept of an event to the quantum domain by defining an event as a transfer of information between physical systems. Then, by describing the universe from the perspective of a certain observer, we introduce quantum states of events with space-time-symmetric wave functions that predict the joint probability distribution of a measurement (observation) at $(t,\vec{x})$. Under these circumstances, without assuming collapse, we propose that a well-defined instant of time, like any other observable, arises from a single event, thus being an observer-dependent property. In this manner, we obtain a stationary quantum state written as a sum of a sequence of normalized states of events with increasing memories. As a consequence, a counterfactual asymmetry along this sequence of events gives rise to the flow of time as being successive “snapshots” from the observer's perspective. In this proposal, which contrasts strikingly to the view in which time is an illusion, it is the many distinguishable states in which the observer stores information that makes the existence of time possible.

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事件的量子形式主义以及时间如何从其基础中出现

尽管时间是我们最直观的物理概念之一，但在基本层面上对时间的理解仍然是物理学中的一个悬而未决的问题。例如，量子力学中的时间和广义相对论是两个截然不同且不兼容的实体。相对论处理事件（时空中的点），而时间取决于观察者和动力学，而量子力学通过将时间视为独立参数来描述物理系统。为了解决这一冲突，在这项工作中，我们通过将事件定义为物理系统之间的信息传输，将事件的经典概念扩展到了量子域。然后，通过从某个观察者的角度描述宇宙，$（Ť，\vec{X}）$。在这种情况下，在不假设崩溃的情况下，我们建议像任何其他可观察到的事件一样，由一个事件产生一个定义明确的时刻，因此它是依赖于观察者的属性。通过这种方式，我们获得了一个稳定的量子状态，该状态被写为事件的归一化状态序列的总和，并且具有增加的内存。结果，沿着这一系列事件的反事实不对称引起了时间流，因为从观察者的角度来看，它们是连续的“快照”。在这项提议中，与时间是一种幻想的观点形成鲜明对比的是，观察者存储信息的许多可区分状态使时间的存在成为可能。