Questions remain on the effectiveness of different proposals for battery electric vehicle (BEV) charging and other supporting infrastructure. Here we investigate options for charging BEVs and supplementing them with long-range vehicles, including on the infrequent high-energy days that can otherwise impede personal vehicle electrification. We examine travel activities and their energy requirements—in Seattle and US-wide—to identify strategies that fit existing lifestyles. We find that home charging on- or off-street is pivotal in all strategies and that highway fast charging and/or supplementary vehicles can be impactful additions. For example, home charging can support the year-round energy requirements of approximately 10% of Seattle vehicles, assuming a lower-cost BEV, but adding occasional highway fast charging or supplementary vehicles on four days per year raises this value to nearly 40%. Infrequent supplementary vehicles may be needed even as battery technology improves. Our results outline potential solutions for nations, cities, companies and communities seeking to support widespread vehicle electrification despite the challenge of high-energy days.

关于电池电动汽车 (BEV) 充电和其他支持基础设施的不同建议的有效性仍然存在问题。在这里，我们研究了为 BEV 充电并用远程车辆补充它们的选项，包括在可能阻碍个人车辆电气化的不常见的高能量日子。我们检查西雅图和美国范围内的旅行活动及其能源需求，以确定适合现有生活方式的策略。我们发现，在所有策略中，街道上或街道外的家庭充电都至关重要，而高速公路快速充电和/或辅助车辆可能是有影响力的补充。例如，家庭充电可以满足西雅图约 10% 车辆的全年能源需求，假设 BEV 成本较低，但是，每年四天偶尔增加高速公路快速充电或补充车辆会使这个值提高到近 40%。即使电池技术有所改进，也可能需要不经常使用的补充车辆。我们的研究结果概述了国家、城市、公司和社区的潜在解决方案，尽管面临高能天的挑战，但仍寻求支持广泛的汽车电气化。