Managing forests for climate change mitigation requires action by diverse stakeholders undertaking different activities with overlapping objectives and spatial impacts. To date, several forest carbon monitoring systems have been developed for different regions using various data, methods and assumptions, making it difficult to evaluate mitigation performance consistently across scales. Here, we integrate ground and Earth observation data to map annual forest-related greenhouse gas emissions and removals globally at a spatial resolution of 30 m over the years 2001–2019. We estimate that global forests were a net carbon sink of −7.6 ± 49 GtCO₂e yr⁻¹, reflecting a balance between gross carbon removals (−15.6 ± 49 GtCO₂e yr⁻¹) and gross emissions from deforestation and other disturbances (8.1 ± 2.5 GtCO₂e yr⁻¹). The geospatial monitoring framework introduced here supports climate policy development by promoting alignment and transparency in setting priorities and tracking collective progress towards forest-specific climate mitigation goals with both local detail and global consistency.

为减缓气候变化而管理森林需要不同利益相关者采取行动，开展具有重叠目标和空间影响的不同活动。迄今为止，已经使用各种数据、方法和假设为不同地区开发了多个森林碳监测系统，这使得难以跨尺度一致地评估减缓绩效。在这里，我们整合地面和地球观测数据，以 30 m 的空间分辨率绘制 2001-2019 年间全球每年与森林相关的温室气体排放和清除情况。我们估计全球森林的净碳汇为 -7.6 ± 49 GtCO ₂ e yr ^-1，反映了总碳清除量之间的平衡（-15.6 ± 49 GtCO ₂ e yr ^-1) 以及来自毁林和其他干扰的总排放量 (8.1 ± 2.5 GtCO ₂ e yr ^-1 )。此处介绍的地理空间监测框架通过促进在确定优先事项方面的一致性和透明度，并以当地细节和全球一致性跟踪实现特定森林气候减缓目标的集体进展，从而支持气候政策制定。