Aims:

We study how emotions are represented in Polish-English and Romanian-English bilinguals, whose respective languages either mostly share emotion lexicon (Romanian-English) or not (Polish-English). We test to what extent such variance in lexical proximity between the two bilingual groups affects their decisions about emotional word content.

Methodology:

In a masked priming paradigm, participants viewed prime-target adjective pairs, and judged whether the target adjective was positive or negative in meaning. Primes and targets either named (emotion word) or evoked (emotion-laden word) emotions, and were either related – that is, belonged to one word type (emotion or emotion-laden) – or unrelated.

Data and analysis:

Behavioural data were analysed using linear mixed-effects models, with within-subject fixed effects of language, word type, valence and relatedness, and their interactions.

Findings/conclusions:

We found processing facilitation of emotion-laden rather than emotion words in both participant groups, irrespective of language of operation. Emotion target adjectives, particularly of negative valence, tended to slow down responses of Polish-English bilinguals in their first language. In the Romanian-English group, emotion target adjectives were recognized with lower accuracy in the second language. This pattern of results suggests that affective responsiveness is modulated by the lexical proximity between the first language and second language.

Originality:

Extending bilingual emotion research, this study tests how emotions are represented in languages that vary in lexical proximity with English: Polish and Romanian. We demonstrate that cross-linguistic differences between the respective languages of a bilingual impact emotional meaning processing in the first and second language.

Significance/implications:

We provide support for the emotion context-of-learning theory, language-specific episodic trace theory and the sense model in bilingualism, showing that cross-linguistic differences between the first and second language modulate emotion and emotion-laden word processing. Our findings also demonstrate that the distinction between the emotion and emotion-laden words is not as universal as previously assumed.

中文翻译：

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跨语言差异影响情感和充满情感的文字处理：来自波兰英语和罗马尼亚英语的双语者的证据

目的：

我们研究了波兰语-英语和罗马尼亚语-英语双语如何表达情感，它们各自的语言大多共享情感词典（罗马尼亚语-英语）或不共享情感词典（波兰语-英语）。我们测试了两个双语组之间词汇接近度的这种变化在多大程度上影响了他们对情感词内容的决策。

方法：

在掩盖的启动范例中，参与者查看了主要目标形容词对，并判断目标形容词的含义是正面还是负面。素数和目标要么是命名的（情感词），要么是诱发的（带有情感的词）情感，并且是相关的（即，属于一种单词类型（情感或带有情感的词））或不相关的。

数据与分析：

使用线性混合效应模型对行为数据进行分析，研究对象具有语言，单词类型，效价和关联性以及它们之间的相互作用等学科内固定效应。

结果/结论：

我们发现，无论操作语言如何，两个参与者组都简化了处理充满情感的单词而不是情感单词的过程。情绪目标形容词，尤其是具有负价的形容词，往往会减慢波兰英语-英语双语者使用其第一语言的反应。在罗马尼亚语-英语组中，使用第二语言识别的情感目标形容词的准确性较低。这种结果模式表明，情感的反应性受第一语言和第二语言之间的词汇接近程度的调节。

独创性：

作为对双语情感研究的扩展，该研究测试了如何用与英语在词汇上接近的语言来表达情感：波兰语和罗马尼亚语。我们证明了双语的相应语言之间的跨语言差异会影响第一语言和第二语言的情感含义处理。

意义/含义：

我们为双语学习中的情感学习上下文理论，特定于语言的情节追迹理论和感觉模型提供了支持，表明第一语言和第二语言之间的跨语言差异调节了情感和带有情感的单词处理。我们的发现还表明，情感词和带有情感词之间的区别并不像以前所假定的那样普遍。