An approach, combining several geochemical methods, was used to determine the groundwater properties and components of a hypogene karst system, where sampling is restricted only to the spring sites, and with a limited number of available sampling locations. Radiogenic isotopes (³H, ¹⁴C) were used to constrain the groundwater mean residence time and separate different groundwater components. Noble gases, stable isotopes of water (δ¹⁸O, δ²H), dissolved inorganic carbon (δ¹³C) and dissolved sulfate (δ³⁴S, δ¹⁸O), and major ion and trace element composition were used to identify the source of water, its chemical evolution and water–rock interactions, as well as to identify the contribution and composition of endogenic gases. This approach was applied to three low-temperature thermal springs located in Mariovo (North Macedonia) associated with fossil hypogene caves, previously identified by morphological and geochemical studies of caves and cave deposits. Based on the obtained results, the main studied springs represent an output part of a regional hypogene karst groundwater system with a deep-circulating (~1 km), old (~15 ka), thermal (≥60 °C) water, which mixes with young (<50 years), cold (<14 °C) and shallow epigene karst groundwater. The output parts are structurally controlled, at the interception of low topography and deep faults, along which the groundwater interacts with deep-seated gases, dominantly CO₂ of metamorphic origin (δ¹³C of +4.5‰ VPDB), with some contribution of mantle helium. The thermal karst groundwater interacts at depth with volcanic rocks from the nearby Neogene-Quaternary volcanic complex, as well as with metamorphic basement rocks and granitoids.

结合多种地球化学方法的一种方法被用于确定地下岩溶岩溶系统的地下水属性和组成部分，该岩溶系统的采样仅限于春季站点，并且可用采样位置数量有限。使用放射性同位素（³ H，¹⁴ C）来约束地下水的平均停留时间并分离出不同的地下水成分。稀有气体，水稳定同位素（δ ¹⁸ O，δ ² 2H），溶解的无机碳（δ ¹³ C）和溶解的硫酸（δ ³⁴ S，δ ¹⁸O），主要离子和微量元素组成用于确定水的来源，化学演化和水-岩相互作用，以及确定内生气体的贡献和组成。该方法应用于位于马里奥沃（北马其顿）的三个低温温泉，这些温泉与化石次生洞穴有关，先前已通过对洞穴和洞穴沉积物的形态和地球化学研究确定了这些温泉。根据获得的结果，研究的主要泉水代表区域性地下岩溶地下水系统的输出部分，其中深循环水（〜1 km），旧水（〜15 ka），热水（≥60°C）混合年轻人（<50岁），寒冷（<14°C）和浅表观岩溶岩溶地下水。输出部件在低地形和深层断层的拦截下受到结构控制，₂变质源的（δ ¹³的+ 4.5‰VPDB C），与地幔氦的一定的贡献。热岩溶地下水与附近新近纪-第四纪火山综合体的火山岩以及变质基底岩和花岗岩类在深处相互作用。