Animal movement patterns are the result of both environmental and physiological effects, and the rates of movement and energy expenditure of given movement strategies are influenced by the physical environment an animal inhabits. Greater white-fronted geese in North America winter in ecologically distinct regions and have undergone a large-scale shift in wintering distribution over the past 20 years. White-fronts continue to winter in historical wintering areas in addition to contemporary areas, but the rates of movement among regions, and energetic consequences of those decisions, are unknown. Additionally, linkages between wintering and breeding regions are generally unknown, and may influence within-winter movement rates. We used Global Positioning System and acceleration data from 97 white-fronts during two winters to elucidate movement characteristics, model regional transition probabilities using a multistate model in a Bayesian framework, estimate regional energy expenditure, and determine behavior time-allocation influences on energy expenditure using overall dynamic body acceleration and linear mixed-effects models. We assess the linkages between wintering and breeding regions by evaluating the winter distributions for each breeding region. White-fronts exhibited greater daily movement early in the winter period, and decreased movements as winter progressed. Transition probabilities were greatest towards contemporary winter regions and away from historical wintering regions. Energy expenditure was up to 55% greater, and white-fronts spent more time feeding and flying, in contemporary wintering regions compared to historical regions. White-fronts subsequently summered across their entire previously known breeding distribution, indicating substantial mixing of individuals of varying breeding provenance during winter. White-fronts revealed extreme plasticity in their wintering strategy, including high immigration probability to contemporary wintering regions, high emigration from historical wintering regions, and high regional fidelity to western regions, but frequent movements among eastern regions. Given that movements of white-fronts trended toward contemporary wintering regions, we anticipate that a wintering distribution shift eastward will continue. Unexpectedly, greater energy expenditure in contemporary wintering regions revealed variable energetic consequences of choice in wintering region and shifting distribution. Because geese spent more time feeding in contemporary regions than historical regions, increased energy expenditure is likely balanced by increased energy acquisition in contemporary wintering areas.

中文翻译：

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中洲大白额雁的冬季保真度，运动和能源消耗

动物的运动方式是环境和生理作用的结果，并且给定运动策略的运动速率和能量消耗受动物所居住的物理环境影响。北美较大的白额雁在生态上不同的地区过冬，并且在过去20年中，冬天的分布发生了大规模变化。除当代地区外，历史悠久的越冬地区的白人前线仍在继续越冬，但各地区之间的流动速度以及这些决定带来的积极后果尚不得而知。此外，越冬和繁殖区域之间的联系通常是未知的，并且可能影响冬天的移动速度。我们使用全球定位系统和两个冬季的97个白前线的加速度数据来阐明运动特征，在贝叶斯框架中使用多状态模型对区域过渡概率进行建模，估算区域能源消耗，并确定行为时间分配对能源消耗的影响，方法是整体动态人体加速度和线性混合效应模型。我们通过评估每个繁殖地区的冬季分布来评估越冬和繁殖地区之间的联系。冬季初期，白前线的日常活动较多，随着冬季的进行，活动减少。向当代冬季地区和远离历史冬季地区的过渡概率最大。能源支出增加了55％，与历史地区相比，在当代越冬地区，白人和白人阵线花费更多的时间进食和飞行。白锋随后在其整个先前已知的育种分布中进行夏季繁殖，表明冬季不同繁殖源的个体大量混合。白锋在其越冬策略中显示出极大的可塑性，包括向当代越冬地区的高迁移率，从历史越冬地区的高迁移率，向西部地区的高保真度，但东部地区之间的频繁流动。鉴于白线运动趋向于当代越冬地区，我们预计越冬分布将继续向东转移。不料，当代越冬地区更多的能源支出揭示了越冬地区选择和分布变化的高能后果。由于鹅在当代地区的饲养时间要比历史地区多，因此能源消耗的增加很可能与当代越冬地区能源获取的增加相平衡。