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Can Organophosphates and Carbamates Cause Synergisms by Inhibiting Esterases Responsible for Biotransformation of Pyrethroids?
Environmental Science & Technology ( IF 10.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-20 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04493 Yi Cao 1 , Alberto Ibáñez Navarro 1 , Lucas Perrella 1 , Nina Cedergreen 1
Environmental Science & Technology ( IF 10.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-20 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04493 Yi Cao 1 , Alberto Ibáñez Navarro 1 , Lucas Perrella 1 , Nina Cedergreen 1
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Hydrolysis catalyzed by general esterases (GEs) is the most efficient route for hydrolyzation of pyrethroid insecticides. Organophosphate (OP) and carbamate (CB) insecticides are known to inhibit GEs in addition to acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is their main target. We hypothesize that synergies can be induced by OPs and CBs when mixed with pyrethroids, due to their inhibition of GE-dependent detoxification of pyrethroids. To test this hypothesis, we conducted mixture toxicity experiments with Daphnia magna using α-cypermethrin (α-cyp) in combination with the noninsecticidal OP tetraisopropyl pyrophosphoramide (iso-OMPA) and five AChE inhibitors diazinon, chlorpyrifos, chlorfenviphos, parathion, and aldicarb. In addition, the in vivo GE activity inhibition was measured for all compounds. Up to 10-fold synergy was found between α-cyp and iso-OMPA, and the degree of synergy correlated linearly with the inhibition of the GE activity. No synergy, however, was found in any of the insecticide mixtures nor was the GE activity inhibited within the nonlethal concentration range tested. It was concluded that the effect of the insecticides on AChE occurred at lower concentrations than their effect on GEs, making the daphnids become immobilized before any synergistic effects on mortality could be observed. The implications of the findings are discussed from a risk assessment perspective.
中文翻译：
有机磷酸酯和氨基甲酸酯能通过抑制负责拟除虫菊酯生物转化的酯酶来引起协同作用吗？
通用酯酶（GEs）催化的水解是拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂水解的最有效途径。众所周知，有机磷（OP）和氨基甲酸酯（CB）杀虫剂除乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）（主要目标是乙酰胆碱酯酶）外，还可以抑制GEs。我们假设与拟除虫菊酯混合使用时，OP和CB可以诱导协同作用，这是因为它们抑制了拟南芥对拟除虫菊酯的依赖。为了验证这一假设，我们使用α-氯氰菊酯（α-cyp）结合非杀虫剂OP四异丙基焦磷酸酰胺（iso -OMPA）和五种AChE抑制剂重氮酮，毒死,、毒死fen，对硫磷和涕灭威进行了大型蚤的混合毒性实验。另外，体内测量所有化合物的GE活性抑制。在α- cyp和iso -OMPA之间发现多达10倍的协同作用，并且协同作用的程度与GE活性的抑制呈线性关系。然而，在任何杀虫剂混合物中均未发现协同作用，在所测试的非致死浓度范围内，GE活性也未得到抑制。结论是，杀虫剂对AChE的作用发生在比其对GEs的作用低的浓度下，使得水蚤被固定化之后才可以观察到对死亡率的任何协同作用。从风险评估的角度讨论了研究结果的含义。
更新日期：2021-02-02
中文翻译：
有机磷酸酯和氨基甲酸酯能通过抑制负责拟除虫菊酯生物转化的酯酶来引起协同作用吗？
通用酯酶（GEs）催化的水解是拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂水解的最有效途径。众所周知，有机磷（OP）和氨基甲酸酯（CB）杀虫剂除乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）（主要目标是乙酰胆碱酯酶）外，还可以抑制GEs。我们假设与拟除虫菊酯混合使用时，OP和CB可以诱导协同作用，这是因为它们抑制了拟南芥对拟除虫菊酯的依赖。为了验证这一假设，我们使用α-氯氰菊酯（α-cyp）结合非杀虫剂OP四异丙基焦磷酸酰胺（iso -OMPA）和五种AChE抑制剂重氮酮，毒死,、毒死fen，对硫磷和涕灭威进行了大型蚤的混合毒性实验。另外，体内测量所有化合物的GE活性抑制。在α- cyp和iso -OMPA之间发现多达10倍的协同作用，并且协同作用的程度与GE活性的抑制呈线性关系。然而，在任何杀虫剂混合物中均未发现协同作用，在所测试的非致死浓度范围内，GE活性也未得到抑制。结论是，杀虫剂对AChE的作用发生在比其对GEs的作用低的浓度下，使得水蚤被固定化之后才可以观察到对死亡率的任何协同作用。从风险评估的角度讨论了研究结果的含义。
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