The major biological function of the sperm cell is to transmit the paternal genetic and epigenetic information to the embryo as well as the following offspring. Sperm has a unique epigenome. An increasing body of epidemiological study supports that paternal stress induced by environmental exposures and lifestyle can modulate the sperm epigenome (including histone modification, DNA methylation, and noncoding RNA expression), sperm-egg fusion, embryo development, and offspring health. Based on the existing literature, we have summarized the paternal exposure on sperm epigenome along with the representative phenotypes of offspring and the possible mechanism involved.

中文翻译：

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父系压力在后代发育和疾病中的表观遗传机制

精子细胞的主要生物学功能是将父本的遗传和表观遗传信息传递给胚胎以及其后代。精子具有独特的表观基因组。越来越多的流行病学研究支持，环境暴露和生活方式引起的父系压力可以调节精子表观基因组（包括组蛋白修饰，DNA甲基化和非编码RNA表达），精卵融合，胚胎发育和后代健康。根据现有文献，我们总结了父本对精子表观基因组的暴露以及后代的代表性表型及其可能的机制。